Production of monoterpene blends by unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms

ABSTRACT

This invention provides compositions and methods for providing high product yield of transgenes expressed in cyanobacteria and microalgae.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 62/342,737 filed May 27, 2016, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

REFERENCE TO A SEQUENCE LISTING SUBMITTED AS AN ASCII TEXT FILE

The Sequence Listing written in file Sequence Listing_1043109.txt, created on May 25, 2017, 52,547 bytes, machine format IBM-PC, MS-Windows operating system, is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cyanobacteria are suitable hosts for heterologous production of plant essential oils that have commercial value as synthetic chemistry feedstock, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and in household cleaning applications. Essential oils, such as monoterpene hydrocarbons, are naturally produced as secondary metabolites by several terrestrial plant species. Development of heterologous microbial systems for essential oils production is a valuable alternative to meet increasing product demand as compared to extraction from the plant biomass.

Heterologous expression in cyanobacteria of the f3-phellandrene synthase (PHLS) from Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) has been shown. Transformation of Synechocystis with this single gene was sufficient to endow Synechocystis with the ability to synthesize β-phellandrene (monoterpene hydrocarbon) (Bentley et al. 2013, Formighieri and Melis 2014a. Formighieri and Melis 2015).

Leaves of L. angustifolia contain essential oils, primarily phellandrenes, and a few minor products such as camphor and bomeol, in the range of 0.7-2.9 mg g⁻¹ fresh weight (Demissie et al. 2011). The LaPHLS encoding sequence was identified by microarray analysis to be highly transcribed in young lavender leaves. By in vitro assay, LaPHLS was shown to use 30 geranyl-diphosphate (GPP) as substrate and to produce fP-phellandrene as the major product (>86%), followed by limonene, consistent with the promiscuous activity of monoterpene synthases to convert the substrate into multiple terpene hydrocarbon products (Demissie et al. 2011). In contrast to higher plants, cyanobacteria and other aquatic microorganisms typically do not have the ability to generate monoterpene hydrocarbons, or other plant essential oils, as they lack the terpene synthase genes required for their synthesis (Van Wagoner et al. 2007). Constitutive generation of β-phellandrene in Synechocystis was achieved by heterologous expression of the LaPHLS encoding sequence. In particular, earlier work identified the slow k_(cat) of the enzyme to be the main factor limiting rate and yield of product generation, a limitation that was overcome by increasing the concentration of the terpene synthase in the cyanobacterial cell (Formighieri and Melis 2015). This was achieved upon expression of LaPHLS under the strong endogenous cpc operon promoter and as a fusion protein with the highly abundant in cyanobacteria phycocyanin D-subunit (Formighieri and Melis 2016). The resulting Synechocystis transformants produced β-phellandrene as the major terpene product (88%), followed by a small amount of β-myrcene, while no limonene was detected. This was a distinct and interesting feature of monoterpenes blend obtained by heterologous expression of LaPHLS in cyanobacteria (Formighieri and Melis 2014a, Formighieri and Melis 2015), and one that differed from the product profile obtained in vitro and from the lavender leaf essential oil extracts (Demissie et al. 2011).

β-Phellandrene is an important constituent of the essential oils in different plant species. The glandular trichomes found on the surface of leaves and stems of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) were reported to contain β-phellandrene (1 mg g⁻¹ leaf dry weight), followed by limonene, α-phellandrene and δ-2-carene. A β-phellandrene synthase was shown to be highly expressed in tomato trichomes, and to specifically use neryl-diphosphate (NPP) as substrate instead ofgeranyl-diphosphate (GPP). A neryl-diphosphate synthase (NPPS) was also identified as the enzyme catalyzing the formation of NPP from the universal terpenoid precursors isopentenyl-diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl-diphosphate (DMAPP) (Schilmiller et al. 2009). When assayed in vitro with NPP, the profile of monoterpenes produced by SIPHLS was nearly identical with the profile of monoterpenes found in tomato trichomes (Schilmiller et al. 2009).

β-Phellandrene was additionally identified to be a constituent of the terpenoid oleoresin, which is used as a chemical and physical barrier against insect and pathogen attack by conifer trees. Oleoresin is stored in resin ducts of conifer bark, wood and needles (Hall et al. 2013). β-Phellandrene was found to accumulate up to 12 mg g⁻¹ dry weight in leader stem and needles of three-year-old pine trees, whose oleoresin constituents also include different amounts of β-pinene, α-pinene and 3-carene, depending on the plant species (Hall et al. 2013). β-Phellandrene synthases were identified by transcriptome analysis both in lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana). In particular, two P. contorta and one P. banksiana PHLS sequences were identified, that encode for proteins that have 95-99% of identity. When assayed in vitro, these enzymes converted GPP into β-phellandrene representing 82-88% of the terpene product, plus minor amounts of α-phellandrene (Hall et al. 2013).

Transcriptome mining was also used to isolate β-phellandrene synthase encoding sequences in Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce). Four PHLS were identified that share 99% of aminoacid identity, suggesting a recent gene duplication event. When assayed in vitro, these enzymes converted GPP into β-phellandrene as major product (˜60%), followed by β-pinene (˜20%) and α-pinene (˜12%) (Keeling et al. 2011).

Screening of cDNA libraries resulted in the isolation of a β-phellandrene synthase from Abies grandis (grand fir), which, in combination with other monoterpene synthases, contributes to the production of turpentine. In vitro, the enzyme yielded β-phellandrene as the major product (52%), followed by β-pinene (34%), α-pinene (8.5%) and limonene (6%) (Bohlmann et al. 1999). Despite a similar monoterpenes profile, the PHLS from grand fir is only 70% identical to the PHLS proteins of Sitka spruce, suggesting that the gene function evolved independently (Keeling et al. 2011).

BRIEF SUMMARY OF CERTAIN ASPECTS OF THE DISCLOSURE

This disclosure provides methods and compositions to heterologously express β-phellandrene synthase (PHLS) enzymes from different plant sources in cyanobacteria, e.g., Synechocystis. In the present disclosure, the β-phellandrene synthase (PHLS) proteins from Solanum lycopersicum. Pinus banksiana., Picea sitchensis and Abies grandis were heterologously expressed and characterized in cyanobacteria. Differences in terms of activity and product specificity of the aforementioned enzymes was observed in cyanobacteria in vivo. Employment of different PHLS enzymes in cyanobacteria is a strategy to obtain distinct monoterpene blends of commercial interest that were unexpectedly different from the corresponding plant essential oil extracts.

Illustrative data provided in the EXAMPLES section demonstrate that the β-phellandrene synthase from Lavandula angustifolia (lavender), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Pinus banksiana (pine), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) and Abies grandis (grand fir) were active in cyanobacteria, e.g., Synechocystis, transformants and generated an unexpected blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons comprising β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene. β-myrcene, β-pinene, and δ-2-carene with variable percentage ratios ranging from <10% to >90% with different product combinations and proportions. These hydrophobic monoterpenes spontaneously diffused out of the cyanobacterial cells that generated them and accumulated as floater molecules on the surface of the liquid culture, a property that simplified harvesting. In some embodiments, a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons produced in accordance with the disclosure may also comprise one or more of α-pinene, terpinene, ocimene or limonene.

In some embodiments, the disclosure provides a method of obtaining a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons from cyanobacteria, the method comprising: culturing a cyanobacteria strain that has been genetically modified to express a heterologous β-phellandrene synthase under conditions in which the β-phellandrene synthase is expressed, wherein the heterologous β-phellandrene synthase is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a β-phellandrene synthase nucleic acid sequence that is codon-optimized for expression in cyanobacteria fused to the 3′ end of a leader nucleic acid sequence encoding a cyanobacteria protein that is expressed in cyanobacteria at a level of at least 1% of the total cellular protein; and isolating a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons comprising at least two monoterpenes selected from the group consisting of β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, and β-2-carene produced in the cyanobacteria that has spontaneously diffused from the cyanobacteria intracellular space into the culture medium. In some embodiments, the monoterpene blend comprises at least three monoterpenes selected from the group consisting of β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, and δ-2-carene. In some embodiments, the cyanobacteria protein expressed at a level of at least 1% of the total cellular protein is a β-subunit of phycocyanin (cpcB), an α-subunit of phycocyanin (cpcA), a phycoerythrin subunit (cpeA or cpcB), an allophycocyanin subunit (apcA or apcB), a large subunit of Rubisco (rbcL), a small subunit of Rubisco (rbcS), a D1/32 kD reaction center protein (psbA) of photosystem-II, a D2/34 kD reaction center protein (psbD) of photosystem-II, a CP47 (psbB) or CP43 (psbC) reaction center protein of photosystem-II, a psaA or psaB reaction center protein of photosystem-I, a psaC or psaD reaction center protein of photosystem-I, an rpl ribosomal RNA protein, or an rps ribosomal RNA protein. In some embodiments, the cyanobacteria protein is the β-subunit of phycocyanin (cpcB) or the α-subunit of phycocyanin (cpcA). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase is lavender, tomato, grand fir, pine, or spruce β-phellandrene synthase. In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase has at least 70% identity to a β-phellandrene synthase sequence set forth in FIG. 9 and comprises conserved domains having a sequence of an underlined region of a β-phellandrene polypeptide sequence as shown in FIG. 9a-9d . In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene has at least 80% identity, and in some embodiments at least 90% identity, to a β-phellandrene synthase sequence set forth in FIG. 9a-9d and comprises conserved domains as described herein. In some embodiments, the monoterpene hydrocarbon blend produced by the expression of the heterologous β-phellandrene comprises β-phellandrene in an amount of at least 10% of the total monoterpene hydrocarbon blend. In some embodiments, the cyanobacteria strain is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Athrospira, Nostoc, and Anabaena.

In some aspects, the disclosure provides a culture comprising a cyanobacteria strain that has been genetically modified to express a heterologous β-phellandrene synthase under conditions in which the β-phellandrene synthase is expressed, wherein the heterologous β-phellandrene synthase is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a β-phellandrene synthase nucleic acid sequence that is codon-optimized for expression in cyanobacteria fused to the 3′ end of a leader nucleic acid sequence encoding a cyanobacteria protein that is expressed in cyanobacteria at a level of at least 1% of the total cellular protein; and wherein the culture comprises a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons comprising at least two monoterpenes selected from the group consisting of β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, and δ-2-carene produced in the cyanobacteria that has spontaneously diffused from the cyanobacteria intracellular space into the culture medium.

In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase expressed in accordance with the disclosure is a tomato β-phellandrene synthase and the method comprises co-expressing the tomato β-phellandrene synthase with a neryl-diphosphate synthase (NPPS), such as a tomato NPSS. In some embodiments, the blend of monoterpene hydrocarbon produces by co-expressing the tomato β-phellandrene synthase with a NPPS such as tomato NPSS in cyanobacteria comprises β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene and δ-carene.

In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase expressed in cyanobacteria in accordance with the disclosure is from Pinus banksiana and the blend of monoterpenes comprises β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, and β-pinene.

In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase expressed in cyanobacteria in accordance with the disclosure is from Picea sitchensis and the blend of monoterpenes comprises β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, and β-pinene.

In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase expressed in cyanobacteria in accordance with the disclosure is from Abies grandis and the blend of monoterpenes comprises β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, and β-pinene.

In some embodiments, a β-phellandrene synthase that is expressed to obtain a monoterpene blend is expressed in a unicellular photosynthetic microorganism selected from the group consisting of green algae, diatoms, red algae, and brown algae. A β-phellandrene synthase nucleic acid for expression in the unicellular photosynthetic microorganism encodes a β-phellandrene synthase as described herein. Examples of green algae include Chlamydomonas reinhardtii; Dunaliella salina; Chlorella fusca; Chlorella vulgaris; Scenedesmus obliquus; Botryococcus braunii. Examples of diatoms that can be modified to express a β-phellandrene synthase in accordance with this disclosure to produce a blend of monoterpenes include Pheodactylum tricornutum: Cylindrotheca fusiformis; Cyclotella gamma; Nannochloropsis oceanica; and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Examples of red algae that can be modified to express a β-phellandrene synthase in accordance with this disclosure to produce a blend of monoterpenes include Porphyridium cruentum; Cyanidioschywon merolae: Flintiella sanguinaria; and Rhodosorus marinus.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1a-1f provides data illustrating expression of Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) β-phellandrene synthase (SIPHLS) and neryl diphosphate synthase (SINPPS) in Synechocystris. 1 a: Recombinant construct for expression of SIPHLS as a fusion to the phycocyanin β-subunit (CpcB) in the cpc genomic locus. 1 b: Recombinant construct for co-expression of the CpcB.SIPHLS fusion construct with the NPPS. 1 c: Genomic PCR analysis of wild type and transformant Synechocystis with cpc_us and cpcA_Rv primers. 1 d: Genomic PCR analysis with cpc_us and SIPHLS_Rv primers. 1 e: Genomic PCR analysis with NPPS_Fw and cpcA_Rv primers. Location of the primers is shown as arrows in panels (a) and (b). S denotes two independent CpcB.SIPHLS transformant lines, while SN denotes three independent CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS transformant lines. 1 f: SDS-PAGE resolution and Coomassie-stain of total cell protein extracts from Synechocystis wild type and transformants. The CpcB.SIPHLS fusion protein and the native CpcB are marked as 105 kD and 18 kD polypeptides, respectively. Molecular weight markers are shown on the left-most lane and expressed in kD.

FIG. 2a-2b provides data illustrating monoterpene production by Synechocystis transformants expressing the SIPHLS construct with or without NPPS transgene. Cells in liquid culture were grown photoautotrophically for 48 h. 2 a: UV-absorbance spectra of hexane extracts from Synechocystis CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS and CpcB.SIPHLS transformants, normalized on per g of dry cell weight (dcw) and compared to wild type (wt) extracts. 2 b: GC-FID analysis of the monoterpenes isolated from the CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS transformants. β-Phellandrene, α-phellandrene and β-myrcene were detected as the main terpene products with retention time of 14.413 min, 13.051 min, and 12.548 min, respectively. Small amounts of β-pinene (about 11.6-11.8 min) and δ-carene (about 13.2 min) were also detected.

FIG. 3a-3d provides data illustrating the expression of Pinus banksiana (pine) β-phellandrene synthase (PbPHLS) in Synechocystis. 3 a: Recombinant construct for expression of PbPHLS as a fusion to CpcB in the cpc genomic locus. 3 b: Genomic PCR analysis with cpc_us and cpcA_Rv primers. 3 c: Genomic PCR analysis with cpc_us and PbPHLS_Rv primers. Location of the primers is shown as arrows in (a). Pb denotes three independent transformants lines. 3 d: SDS-PAGE resolution and Coomassie-stain of total cell protein extracts from Synechocystis wild type and transformants. The CpcB.PbPHLS fusion protein and the native CpcB are marked at 84 kD and 18 kD, respectively. Molecular weight markers are on the left side and expressed in kD.

FIG. 4a-4b provides data illustrating monoterpene production by Synechocystis transformants expressing PbPHLS. 4 a: UV-absorbance spectra of hexane extracts from Synechocystis CpcB.PbPHLS transformants, normalized on per g of dcw and compared to wild type (wt) extracts. 4 b: GC-FID analysis of the hexane extract from the CpcB.PbPHLS transformants, showing β-phellandrene to be the primary product with a retention time of 14.436 min. Small amounts of β-pinene (about 11.6-11.8 min) and β-myrcene (12.6 min) were also detected.

FIG. 5a-5d provides data illustrating expression of Picea sitchensis (Sipka spruce) β-phellandrene synthase (PsPHLS) in Synechocystis. 5 a: PsPHLS was expressed as a fusion to CpcB in the cpc genomic locus. 5 b: Genomic PCR analysis with cpc_us and cpcA_Rv primers. 5 c: Genomic PCR analysis with cpc_us and PsPHLS_Rv primers. Location of the primers is shown as arrows in (a). Ps denotes three independent transformants lines. 5 d: SDS-PAGE resolution and Coomassie-stain of total cell protein extracts from Synechocystis wild type and transformants. The CpcB.PsPHLS fusion protein and the native CpcB are marked at 84 kD and 18 kD, respectively. Molecular weight markers are on the left side and expressed in kD.

FIG. 6a-6b provides data illustrating monoterpenes production by Synechocystis transformants expressing PsPHLS. 6 a: UV-absorbance spectra of hexane extracts from Synechocystis CpcB.PsPHLS transformnnants, as compared to the wild type. Spectra were normalized on per g of dew. 6 b: GC-FID analysis of the hexane extract from CpcB.PsPHLS transformants. In this case, β-myrcene was the main product with a retention time of 12.546 min, followed by α-phellandrene and β-phellandrene at 13.006 min and 14.778 min of retention time, respectively. Minor amounts of β-pinene (about 11.6-11.8 min) were also detected.

FIG. 7a-7d provides data illustrating expression of Abies grandis (grand fir) β-phellandrene synthase (AgPHLS) in Synechocystis. 7 a: AgPHLS was expressed as a fusion to CpcB in the cpc genomic locus. 7 b: Genomic PCR analysis with cpc_us and cpcA_Rv primers. 7 c: Genomic PCR analysis with cpc_us and AgPHLS_Rv primers. Location of the primers is shown as arrows in (a). Ag denotes three independent transformants lines. 7 d: SDS-PAGE resolution and Coomassie-stain of total cell protein extracts from Synechocystis wild type and transformants. The CpcB.AgPHLS fusion protein and the native CpcB are marked at 86 kD and 18 kD, respectively. Molecular weight markers are on the left side and expressed in kD.

FIG. 8a-8b provides data illustrating monoterpenes production by Synechocystis transformants expressing AgPHLS. 8 a: UV-absorbance spectra of hexane extracts from Synechocystis CpcB*AgPHLS transformants, normalized on per g of dcw and compared to wild type extracts. 8 b: GC-FID analysis of the hexane extract from CpcB*AgPHLS transformants that generated β-phellandrene and β-myrcene as the main monoterpenes. Retention times of the two monoterpenes products were 14.857 min 12.538 min, respectively. Smaller amounts of β-pinene (about 11.6-11.8 min) were also detected.

FIG. 9a-9d shows an amino acid sequence alignment of representative PHLS proteins from the N-terminus (9 a) to the C-terminus (9 d). The putative transit sequences are removed from the protein sequences SEQ ID NOS:7-11 in the alignment. Conserved motifs involved in class I activity are underlined: the RR(×8)W sequence, or KR(×9) W in SIPHLS; the DD-rich motif and the partially conserved (N/D)Dxx(S/T)xxxE sequence (SEQ ID NO:34), which coordinate three divalent metal (Mg2+ or Mn2+) ions required for catalysis (Demissie et al. 2011, Zhou et al. 2012).

FIG. 10 shows a rooted phylogenetic tree (UPGMA) based on the ClustalW aminoacid sequence alignment of the PHLS proteins heterologously expressed in Synechocystis. Branch lengths are proportional to the nucleotide substitutions per site.

FIG. 11a-11d shows modeling of protein folding by the RaptorX web server (Källberg et al 2012) of Lavandula angustifolia PHLS and Solanum lycopersicum PHLS protein structures. 11 a: Predicted structure of the LaPHLS protein, showing the αβ domains and the N-terminal strand folding back across the C-terminal α-domain. Best template: limonene synthase (2ongA), p-value 2.43e-14. 11 b: CpcB.LaPHLS fusion protein structure, where the CpcB moiety is predicted to be structurally independent and not interfering with LaPHLS activity. 11 c: Predicted structure of the SIPHLS protein, showing the αβγ domains. Best template: abietadiene synthase (3s9vA), p-value 9.58e-18. 11 d: CpcB*SIPHLS fusion protein structure, where the CpcB moiety is predicted to be structurally at right angles and, hence, not interfering with reactant access to SIPHLS.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Terminology

The term “naturally-occurring” or “native” as used herein as applied to a nucleic acid, a protein, a cell, or an organism, refers to a nucleic acid, protein, cell, or organism that is found in nature. For example, a polypeptide or polynucleotide sequence that is present in an organism that can be isolated from a source in nature and which has not been intentionally modified by a human in the laboratory is naturally occurring.

The term “heterologous nucleic acid,” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid wherein at least one of the following is true: (a) the nucleic acid is foreign (“exogenous”) to (i.e., not naturally found in) a given host microorganism or host cell; (b) the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence that is naturally found in (e.g., is “endogenous to”) a given host microorganism or host cell (e.g., the nucleic acid comprises a nucleotide sequence endogenous to the host microorganism or host cell. In some embodiments, a “heterologous” nucleic acid may comprise a nucleotide sequence that differs in sequence from the endogenous nucleotide sequence but encodes the same protein (having the same amino acid sequence) as found endogenously; or two or more nucleotide sequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature, e.g., the nucleic acid is recombinant. An example of a heterologous nucleic acid is a nucleotide sequence encoding a fusion protein comprising two proteins that are not joined to one another in nature.

The term “recombinant” polynucleotide or nucleic acid refers to one that is not naturally occurring, e.g., is made by the artificial combination of two otherwise separated segments of sequence through human intervention. This artificial combination is often accomplished by either chemical synthesis means, or by the artificial manipulation of isolated segments of nucleic acids, e.g., by genetic engineering techniques. A “recombinant” protein is encoded by a recombinant polynucleotide. In the context of a genetically modified host cell, a “recombinant” host cell refers to both the original cell and its progeny.

As used herein, the term “genetically modified” refers to any change in the endogenous genome of a cyanobacteria cell compared to a wild-type cell. Thus, changes that are introduced through recombinant DNA technology and/or classical mutagenesis techniques are both encompassed by this term. The changes may involve protein coding sequences or non-protein coding sequences such as regulatory sequences as promoters or enhancers.

An “expression construct” or “expression cassette” as used herein refers to a recombinant nucleic acid construct, which, when introduced into a cyanobacterial host cell in accordance with the present invention, results in increased expression of a fusion protein encoded by the nucleic acid construct. The expression construct may comprise a promoter sequence operably linked to a nucleic acid sequence encoding the fusion protein or the expression cassette may comprise the nucleic acid sequence encoding the fusion protein where the construct is configured to be inserted into a location in a cyanobacterial genome such that a promoter endogenous to the cyanobacterial host cell is employed to drive expression of the fusion protein.

By “construct” is meant a recombinant nucleic acid, generally recombinant DNA, which has been generated for the purpose of the expression of a specific nucleotide sequence(s), or is to be used in the construction of other recombinant nucleotide sequences.

As used herein, the term “exogenous protein” refers to a protein that is not normally or naturally found in and/or produced by a given cyanobacterium, organism, or cell in nature. As used herein, the term “endogenous protein” refers to a protein that is normally found in and/or produced by a given cyanobacterium, organism, or cell in nature.

An “endogenous” protein or “endogenous” nucleic acid” is also referred to as a “native” protein or nucleic acid that is found in a cell or organism in nature.

The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used synonymously and refer to a single or double-stranded polymer of deoxyribonucleotide or ribonucleotide bases read from the 5′ to the 3′ end. A nucleic acid of the present invention will generally contain phosphodiester bonds, although in some cases, nucleic acid analogs may be used that may have alternate backbones, comprising, e.g., phosphoramidate, phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or O-methylphophoroamidite linkages (see Eckstein, Oligonucleotides and Analogues: A Practical Approach, Oxford University Press); and peptide nucleic acid backbones and linkages. Other analog nucleic acids include those with positive backbones; non-ionic backbones, and non-ribose backbones. Thus, nucleic acids or polynucleotides may also include modified nucleotides, that permit correct read through by a polymerase. “Polynucleotide sequence” or “nucleic acid sequence” may include both the sense and antisense strands of a nucleic acid as either individual single strands or in a duplex. As will be appreciated by those in the art, the depiction of a single strand also defines the sequence of the complementary strand, thus the sequences described herein also provide the complement of the sequence. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) and complementary sequences, as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. The nucleic acid may be DNA, both genomic and cDNA, RNA or a hybrid, where the nucleic acid may contain combinations of deoxyribo- and ribo-nucleotides, and combinations of bases, including uracil, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, inosine, xanthine hypoxanthine, isocytosine, isoguanine, etc

The term “promoter” or “regulatory element” refers to a region or sequence determinants located upstream or downstream from the start of transcription that are involved in recognition and binding of RNA polymerase and other proteins to initiate transcription. A “cyanobacteria promoter” is a promoter capable of initiating transcription in cyanobacteria cells. Such promoters need not be of cyanobacterial origin, for example, promoters derived from other bacteria or plant viruses, can be used in the present invention.

A polynucleotide sequence is “heterologous to” a second polynucleotide sequence if it originates from a foreign species, or, if from the same species, is modified by human action from its original form. For example, a promoter operably linked to a heterologous coding sequence refers to a coding sequence from a species different from that from which the promoter was derived, or, if from the same species, a coding sequence which is different from any naturally occurring allelic variants.

Two nucleic acid sequences or polypeptides are said to be “identical” if the sequence of nucleotides or amino acid residues, respectively, in the two sequences is the same when aligned for maximum correspondence as described below. The term “complementary to” is used herein to mean that the sequence is complementary to all or a portion of a reference polynucleotide sequence.

Optimal alignment of sequences for comparison may be conducted by the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman Add. APL. Math. 2:482 (1981), by the homology alignment algorithm of Needle man and Wunsch J. Mol. Biol. 48:443 (1970), by the search for similarity method of Pearson and Lipman Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (U.S.A.) 85: 2444 (1988), by computerized implementations of these algorithms (GAP, BESTFIT. BLAST. FASTA, and TFASTA in the Wisconsin Genetics Software Package, Genetics Computer Group (GCG), 575 Science Dr., Madison, Wis.), or by inspection.

“Percentage of sequence identity” is determined by comparing two optimally aligned sequences over a comparison window, wherein the portion of the polynucleotide sequence in the comparison window may comprise additions or deletions (i.e., gaps) as compared to the reference sequence (which does not comprise additions or deletions) for optimal alignment of the two sequences. The percentage is calculated by determining the number of positions at which the identical nucleic acid base or amino acid residue occurs in both sequences to yield the number of matched positions, dividing the number of matched positions by the total number of positions in the window of comparison and multiplying the result by 100 to yield the percentage of sequence identity.

The term “substantial identity” in the context of polynucleotide or polypeptide sequences means that a polynucleotide or polypeptide comprises a sequence that has at least 50% sequence identity to a reference nucleic acid or polypeptide sequence. Alternatively, percent identity can be any integer from 40% to 100%. Exemplary embodiments include at least: 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% compared to a reference sequence using the programs described herein; preferably BLAST using standard parameters, as described below.

Another indication that nucleotide sequences are substantially identical is if two molecules hybridize to each other, or a third nucleic acid, under stringent conditions. Stringent conditions are sequence dependent and will be different in different circumstances. Generally, stringent conditions are selected to be about 5° C. lower than the thermal melting point (Tm) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH. The Tm is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe. Typically, stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is about 0.02 molar at pH 7 and the temperature is at least about 60° C.

The term “isolated”, when applied to a nucleic acid or protein, denotes that the nucleic acid or protein is essentially free of other cellular components with which it is associated in the natural state. It is preferably in a homogeneous state and may be in either a dry or aqueous solution. Purity and homogeneity are typically determined using analytical chemistry techniques such as polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis or high performance liquid chromatography. A protein which is the predominant species present in a preparation is substantially purified. In particular, an isolated gene is separated from open reading frames which flank the gene and encode a protein other than the gene of interest.

As used herein, “mass-culturing” refers to growing large quantities of cyanobacteria, that have been modified to express a β-phellandrene synthase gene. A “large quantity” is generally in the range of about 100 liters to about 1,500,000 liters, or more. In some embodiments, the organisms are cultured in large quantities in modular bioreactors, each having a capacity of about 1,000 to about 1,000,000 liters.

A “bioreactor” in the context of this invention is any enclosed large-capacity vessel in which cyanobacteria are grown. A “large-capacity vessel” in the context of this invention can hold about 100 liters, often about 500 liters, or about 1,000 liters to about 1,000,000 liters, or more.

As used herein, “harvesting” or “isolating” terpenes produced by β-phellandrene synthase refers to collecting the terpenes that have spontaneously diffused from within the intracellular space into the liquid culture medium and floated on the surface of the liquid culture medium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention employs various routine recombinant nucleic acid techniques. Generally, the nomenclature and the laboratory procedures in recombinant DNA technology described below are those commonly employed in the art. Many manuals that provide direction for performing recombinant DNA manipulations are available, e.g., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual. (Sambrook, J. and Russell, D., eds.). CSHL Press. New York (3rd Ed, 2001): and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. (Ausubel et al., eds.), New Jersey (1994-1999).

In one aspect, the invention is based, in part, on the discovery that expression of plant β-phellandrene synthase in cyanobacteria results in the production of blends of terpenes that are not the same as those in extracts from plants.

β-Phellandrene Synthase Nucleic Acid and Polypeptide Sequences

β-phellandrene synthase nucleic acid and polypeptide sequences are known in the art. β-phellandrene synthase genes have been isolated, sequenced and characterized from lavender (Lavandular angustifolia), grand fir (Abies grandis), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and spruce (Picea abies. Picea sitchensis). See, e.g., Demissie et al., Planta, 233:685-6% (2011); Bohlmann et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 368:232-243 (1994); Schilmiller et al., Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 106:10865-10870 (2009): and Keeling et al., BMC Plant Biol. 11:43-57 (2011). Illustrative accession numbers are: lavender (Lavandula angustifolia cultivar Lady), Accession: HQ404305; tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), Accession: FJ797957; grand fir (Abies grandis), Accession: AF139205; spruce (Picea sitchensis) (4 genes identified, Accession Nos: Q426162 (PsTPS-Phel-1), HQ426169 (PsTPS-Phel-2), HQ426163 (PsTPS-Phel-3), HQ426159 (PsTPS-Phel-4). FIG. 9 illustrates an amino acid alignment of β-phellandrene synthases from lavender, grand fir, tomato and spruce.

The alignments in FIG. 9a-9d show that there is a greater divergence in the N-terminal part of the enzymes, as compared to the C-terminal region of the proteins. Overall, the degree of identity among the sequences shown in FIG. 9a-9d is 70% between Picea sitchensis and Abies grandis PHLS, followed by 63% with the Pinus banksiana counterpart. These conifer enzymes differ from the Lavandula angustifolia PHLS, showing only ˜20% of identity with the latter. The Solanum lycopersicum PHLS is also differs from the other PHLS enzymes shown in FIG. 9a-9d , having only ˜15% identity with the rest.

A rooted phylogenetic tree, based on the ClustalW amino acid sequence alignment in FIG. 9a-9d is shown in FIG. 10. It shows closer proximity, i.e. fewer nucleotide substitutions per site, among the conifer monoterpene synthases, and a higher degree of sequence divergence between the conifer monoterpene synthases and either the Lavandula angustifolia PHLS or the Solanum lycopersicum PHLS, consistent with their taxonomic classification.

Although the amino acid sequences differ in terms of their percent identity to one another, there are important motifs that are conserved among terpene synthases that are identified as playing a role in catalysis.

In particular, the arginine-rich RR(×8)W signature motif is localized near the N-terminus, but it is part of an N-terminal strand that folds back on the C-terminal domain and supports closure of the active site (Hyatt et al. 2007, Srividya et al. 2015). This motif is conserved in Solanum lycopersicum PHLS as a KR(×9)W sequence. The sequences corresponding to this motif are underlined in the following:

L.angustifoliaADQ73631.1 P-TGRRSGGYPPALWDFDTIQSLN--------------------------  32 (SEQ ID NO: 12) P.sitchensisADZ45506.1 DGVQRRTGGYHSLNWNDDIIQFLS--------------------------  33 (SEQ ID NO: 13) A.grandisAAF61453.1 DGLQRRIGDYHSNLWDDDPIQSLS--------------------------  33 (SEQ ID NO: 14) P.banksianasAFU73854.1 DGVRRRVGDYRYNHWDEDLIDSLA--------------------------  34 (SEQ ID NO: 15) S.lycopersicumACO56896.1 EQIKR GLGFIETYG WAVDNKDQISPLGFEVIFSSMIKSAEKLDLNLPLNL 150 (SEQ ID NO: 16)

The C-terminal α-domain contains the class I (ionization-initiated) active site, characterized by the aspartate-rich DDxxD (SEQ ID NO:33) motif (corresponding sequences are underlined in the upper alignment) and the partially conserved (N/D)Dxx(S/T)xxxE (SEQ ID NO:34) sequence that coordinate the binding of three divalent metal (Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺) ions (corresponding sequence are underlined in the lower alignment). The latter are required for substrate binding and activation (Demissie et al. 2011, Hyatt et al. 2007, Zhou et al. 2012).

L.angustifoliaADQ73631.1 CLDDTYDVYGTIEELQLFTSTIQRWDLKS-MKQLPTYMQVSFLALHNPVT 339 (SEQ ID NO: 17) P.sitchensisADZ45506.1 ILDDMYDVFGTIDELELFTAQIKRWDPSA-TDCLPKYMKRMYMILYDMVN 373 (SEQ ID NO: 18) A.grandisAAF61453.1 VLDDIYDTFGTMDEIELFNEAVRRWNPSE-KERLPEYMKEIYMALYEALT 379 (SEQ ID NO: 19) P.banksianaAFU73854.1 VLDDIYDTYGTMEELELFTAAIKRWDPSV-VDCLPEYMKGVYMAVYDTVN 369 (SEQ ID NO: 20) S.lycopersicumACO56896.1 IVDDHFESFASKDECFNIIELVERWDDYASVGYKSEKVKVFFSVFYKSIE 542 (SEQ ID NO: 21) L.angustifoliaADQ73631.1 ERMHKYRDMNRVSSNIVRLADDMGTSLAEVERGDVPKAIQCYMNET- 455 (SEQ ID NO: 22) P.sitchensisADZ45506.1 KEVDFPSKLNDLASAILRLRGDTRCYKADRARGEEASCISCYMKDNP 497 (SEQ ID NO: 23) A.grandisAAF61453.1 KGIDFPSRFNDLASSFLRLRGDTRCYKADRDRGEEASSISCYMKDNP 503 (SEQ ID NO: 24) P.banksianaAFU73854.1 QEIDFPAKFNDLISVILRLKGDTRCYKADRARGEEASSVSCYMKDNA 493 (SEQ ID NO: 25) S.lycopersicumACO56896.1 ESDEICG-LWNCSGRVM RILNDLQDSK----REQKEVSINLVTLLMK 662 (SEQ ID NO: 26)

Modeling of the 3D structures of the PHLS proteins (FIG. 11a-11d ) performed with the RaptorX web server (Källberg et al 2012), showed differences in the folding of the respective polypeptides. The PHLS from Lavandula angustifolia (Bentley et al. 2013; Formighieri and Melis 2014a. Formighieri and Melis 2015) was predicted to have a two-domain (αβ) structure, and is similar to the limonene synthase from Mentha spicata that served as the best template (2ongA, p-value 2.43e-14) (FIG. 11a ). The N-terminal strand (FIG. 11a ), that precedes the β-domain, was also retained, and it folds back across the C-terminal α-domain to form a ‘cap’ that shields reactive carbocation intermediates from the solvent (Hyatt et al. 2007, Srividya et al. 2015). Modeling of the CpcB.LaPHLS fusion protein showed the CpcB fusion moiety to be structurally independent from the LaPHLS (FIG. 11b ).

As the case was for the LaPHLS, PHLS proteins from conifer trees (Pinus banksiana. Picea sitchensis and Abies grandis) were also modeled with a two-domain (αβ) structure (FIG. 11a ).

Modeling of the 3D structure of the SIPHLS protein using the RaptorX web server (Källberg et al 2012) showed a three-domain (apy) structure (FIG. 11c ) with the best template being that of the abietadiene (diterpene) synthase from Abies grandis (3s9vA, p-value 9.58e-18). Modeling of the CpcB.SIPHLS fusion protein showed the CpcB domain to be structurally independent from the SIPHLS moiety (FIG. 11d ). In the case of the SIPHLS, the C-terminal α-domain contains the class I active site where the NPP substrate ionizes to a neryl-cation intermediate before being converted to the monoterpene product(s) (Schilmiller et al. 2009).

A β-phellandrene synthase expressed in accordance with the invention comprises sequences conserved in β-phellandrene synthase polypeptides. In some embodiments, such α-phellandrene synthase of the present disclosure comprises an arginine-rich region comprising RR(S/T/I/V)G(G/D)Y(P/H/R)(P/S/Y)(A/N)(L/H)W (SEQ ID NO:27). In some embodiments, e.g., when the β-phellandrene synthase is a tomato β-phellandrene synthase variant, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises KRGLGFIETYGW (SEQ ID NO:28). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises RRSGGYPPALW (SEQ ID NO:29). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises RRTGGYHSNLW (SEQ ID NO:30). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises RRIGDYHSNLW (SEQ ID NO:31). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises RRVGDYRYNHW (SEQ ID NO:32).

In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises a C-terminal α-domain active site characterized by an aspartate-rich DDxxD (SEQ ID NO:33) motif and a partially conserved sequence referred to as an (N/D)Dxx(S/T)xxxE sequence (SEQ ID NO:34) that coordinates binding of divalent metal ions (referred to herein for convenience as a “metal-binding sequence”). For example, in some embodiments, a β-phellandrene synthase of the present disclosure comprises a C-terminal α-domain active site sequence DD(I/M)YD (SEQ ID NO:35). In some embodiments, e.g., when the a β-phellandrene synthase is tomato a β-phellandrene synthase variant, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises a C-terminal α-domain active site sequence DDHFE (SEQ ID NO:36). In some embodiments, a β-phellandrene synthase of the present disclosure comprises a metal binding sequence NRVSSNIVRLADDMGTSLAEVERGD (SEQ ID NO:37). In some embodiments, a β-phellandrene synthase of the present disclosure comprises a metal binding sequence NDL(A/I)S(A/SN)(I/F)LRL(R/K)GDTRCYKADR(A/D)RGE (SEQ ID NO:38). In some embodiments, e.g., when the β-phellandrene synthase is a tomato β-phellandrene synthase variant, the β-phellandrene synthase a metal binding sequence RILNDLQDSKREQ (SEQ ID NO:39). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises a metal binding sequence NDLASAILRLRGDTRCYKADRARGE (SEQ ID NO:40). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises a metal binding sequence NDLASSFLRLRGDTRCYKADRDRGE (SEQ ID NO:41). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises a metal binding sequence NDLISVILRLKGDTRCYKADRARGE (SEQ ID NO:42). In some embodiments, the β-phellandrene synthase comprises the amino acid sequence WNCSGRVMRILNDLQDSKREQ (SEQ ID NO: 48).

Preferably, a β-phellandrene synthase of the present disclosure comprises an arginine-rich region, a C-terminal α-domain active site sequence, and metal binding sequence as described in the two preceding paragraphs.

In the present disclosure, a nucleic acid construct that encodes a β-phellandrene synthase polypeptide is introduced into cyanobacteria for expression. The β-phellandrene synthase polypeptide encoded by the construct typically has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, or at least 95%, or greater, identity to a β-PHLS polypeptide set forth in FIG. 9a-9d in cyanobacteria and comprises conserved domains as underlined in FIG. 9a-9d . A β-PHLS polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid employed in the methods of the invention have the catalytic activity of converting GPP or its cis-isomer to β-phellandrene. In some embodiments, the invention provides a β-PHLS gene that encodes a modified version of a β-PHLS polypeptide from an angiosperm or gymnosperm plant, such as lavender, grand fir, tomato, pine, or spruce. A β-PHLS polypeptide variant suitable for use in the present invention possesses the ability to convert GPP or NPP to β-phellandrene when heterologously expressed in cyanobacteria. In some embodiments, the β-PHLS polypeptide variant employs GPP. In some embodiments, a β-PHLS for use in the invention has at least 70%, typically at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or greater, identity to a β-PHLS polypeptide from lavender, tomato, pine, grand fir or spruce as set forth in FIG. 9a-9d . Typically, the level of activity is equivalent to the activity exhibited by a natural β-phellandrene synthase polypeptide to produce β-phellandrene. A β-phellandrene synthase polypeptide suitable for producing 0-phellandrene has at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%6 or at least 95%, or greater, of the activity of an endogenous β-PHLS polypeptide from a plant, such as lavender, grand fir, tomato, and spruce.

Activity of a β-phellandrene synthase can be assayed by methods known to those skilled in the art. Non-limiting examples of assays that measure the function of β-phellandrene synthase to produce terpenes from the substrate GPP or NPP include in vitro enzymatic assays using purified recombinant β-phellandrene synthase protein, assays that determine the enzyme saturation kinetics, GC and GC-MS analysis and/or spectrophotometric analysis to measure terpene production (e.g., as detailed description in the Examples.

β-Phellandrene Synthase Expression Constructs

β-PHLS nucleic acid sequences are expressed recombinantly in cyanobacteria. Expression constructs can be designed taking into account such properties as codon usage frequencies of the organism in which the β-PHLS nucleic acid is to be expressed. Codon usage frequencies can be tabulated using known methods (see, e.g., Nakamura et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 28:292 (2000)). Codon usage frequency tables, including those for cyanobacteria, are also available in the art (e.g., in codon usage databases of the Department of Plant Genome Research, Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Japan).

Isolation or generation of β-PHLS polynucleotide sequences can be accomplished by well-known techniques, including amplification techniques and/or library screening.

Appropriate primers and probes for generating a β-PHLS gene can be designed based on known principles using, e.g., the β-PHLS sequences provided herein. For a general overview of PCR see PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. (Innis, M, Gelfand, D., Sninsky, J. and White, T., eds.), Academic Press, San Diego (1990). An illustrative PCR for amplifying a β-PHLS nucleic acid sequence is provided in the examples.

β-PHLS nucleic acid sequences for use in the invention include genes and gene products identified and characterized by techniques such as hybridization and/or sequence analysis using an exemplary nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, β-PHLS nucleic acid sequence for use in the invention encodes a β-PHLS polypeptide that has at least 70%, typically at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or greater, identity to a β-PHLS polypeptide from lavender, tomato, pine, grand fir or spruce as set forth in FIG. 9a-9d . Such β-PHLS also comprise a conserved domain as set forth in. In some embodiments, a β-PHLS nucleic acid sequence for use in the invention has at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, or at least 90% to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6, exclusive of the restriction sites at the ends of the sequences. In some embodiments, a β-PHLS nucleic acid sequence for use in the invention has at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99% identity to any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6. In some embodiments the fβ-PHLS nucleic acid sequence comprises any one of SEQ ID NOS: 1-6, exclusive of the restriction sites at the ends of the sequences.

Fusion Constructs Comprising a β-PHLS Polypeptide and Leader Sequence

In the present disclosure, nucleic acid constructs are typically created in which a polynucleotide sequence encoding a β-PHLS encodes a version in which the β-PHLS is fused to the C-terminal end of a polynucleotide that encodes a leader protein, i.e., a protein that is expressed at high levels in cyanobacteria as described herein. In the context of the present invention, a protein that is “expressed at high levels in cyanobacteria” refers to a protein that accumulates to at least 1% of total cellular protein as described herein. Such proteins, when fused at the N-terminus of a protein of interest to be expressed in cyanobacteria, are also referred to herein as “leader proteins”, “leader peptides”, or “leader sequences”. A nucleic acid encoding a leader protein is typically referred to herein as a “leader polynucleotide” or “leader nucleic acid sequence” or “leader nucleotide sequence”.

The β-PHLS protein of interest is also expressed at high levels in conjunction with the leader sequence. In the context of the invention, a β-PHLS protein that is “expressed at high levels” in cyanobacteria refers to a β-PHLS protein that is at least 1%, typically at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, or at least 10%, or greater, of the total protein expressed in the cyanobacteria. Expression levels in cyanobacteria may be evaluated in cells that are logarithmically growing, but may be alternatively determined in cells in a stationary phase of growth. The level of protein expression can be assessed using various techniques. In the present invention, high level expression is typically determined using SDS PAGE analysis. Following electrophoresis, the gel is stained and the level of proteins assessed by scanning the gel and quantifying the amount of protein using an image analyzer.

In some embodiments, a leader sequence use in this disclosure encodes a naturally occurring cyanobacteria protein that is expressed at high levels in native cyanobacteria. Thus, in some embodiments, the protein is endogenous to cyanobacteria. Examples of such proteins include cpcB, cpcA, cpeA, cpeB, apcA, apcB, rbcL, rbcS, psbA, rpl, or rps. In some embodiments, the leader sequence encodes less than the full-length of the protein, but typically comprises a region that encodes at least 25%, typically at least 50%, or at least 75%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or greater, of the length of the protein. As appreciated by one of skill in the art, use of an endogenous cyanobacterial polynucleotide sequence for constructing an expression construct in accordance with the invention provides a sequence that need not be codon-optimized, as the sequence is already expressed at high levels in cyanobacteria. Examples of cyanobacterial polynucleotides that encode cpcB, cpcA, cpeA, cpeB, apcA, apcB, rbcL, rbcS, psbA, rpl, or rps are available at the website www.genome.microbedb.jp/cyanobase under accession numbers, as follows:

-   -   cpcA: Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 sll1578, Anabaena sp. PCC7120         ar10529, Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 tlr1958,         Synechococcus elongatus PCC6301 syc0495_c, syc0500_c     -   cpcB: Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 s111577, Anabaena sp. PCC7120         ar10528, Thermosynechococcus elongatus BP-1 tlr1957,         Synechococcus elongatus PCC6301 syc0496_c, syc0501_c     -   cpeA: Prochlorococcus marinus SS120 Pro0337, Synechococcus sp.         WH8102 SYNW2009, SYNW2016     -   cpeB: Prochlorococcus marinus SS120 Pro0338, Synechococcus sp.         WH8102 SYNW2008, SYNW2017     -   apcA: Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, slr2067; Anabaena sp. PCC         7120, a110450, alr0021; Synechococcus elongalus PCC 6301, syc         1186_d     -   apcB: Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, slr1986, Anabaena sp. PCC         7120, alr0022, Synechococcus elongatus PCC 6301, syc 1187_d     -   rbcL RubisCO large subunit: Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 slr0009     -   rbcS RubisCO small subunit: Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 sir0012     -   rpl: 50S ribosomal protein of Synechocystis. e.g. s111803;         sl11810; ssr1398.     -   rps: 30S ribosomal protein of Synechocystis, e.g. s111804;         slr1984.

In some embodiments, the leader sequence is a cpcB gene and the other cpc genes of the endogenous cpc operon are maintained in place downstream of the recombinant construct.

The polynucleotide sequence that encodes the leader protein need not be 100% identical to a native cyanobacteria polynucleotide sequence. A polynucleotide variant having at least 50% identity or at least 60% identity, or greater, to a native cyanobacterial polynucleotide sequence, e.g., a native cpcB, cpcA, cpeA, cpeB, rbcL, rbcS, psbA, rpl, or rps cyanobacteria polynucleotide sequence, may also be used, so long as the codons that vary relative to the native cyanobacterial polynucleotide are codon optimized for expression in cyanobacteria and the codons that vary relative to the wild type sequence do not substantially disrupt the structure of the protein. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant that has at least 70% identity, at least 75% identity, at least 80% identity, or at least 85% identity, or greater to a native cyanobacterial polynucleotide sequence, e.g., a native cpcB, cpcA, cpeA, cpeB, rbcL, rbcS, psbA, rpl, or rps cyanobacteria polynucleotide sequence, is used, again maintaining codon optimization for cyanobacteria. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant that has least 90% identity, or at least 95% identity, or greater, to a native cyanobacterial polynucleotide sequence, e.g., a native cpcB, cpcA, cpeA, cpeB, rbcL, rbcS, psbA, rpl, or rps cyanobacteria polynucleotide sequence, is used. The percent identity is typically determined with reference the length of the polynucleotide that is employed in the construct, i.e., the percent identity may be over the full length of a polynucleotide that encodes the leader polypeptide sequence, or may be over a smaller length, e.g., in embodiments where the polynucleotide encodes at least 25%, typically at least 50%, or at least 75%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or greater, of the length of the protein. The protein encoded by a variant polynucleotide sequence as described need not retain a biological function, however, a codon that varies from the wild-type polynucleotide is typically selected such that the protein structure of the native cyanobacterial sequence is not substantially altered by the changed codon, e.g., a codon that encodes an amino acid that has the same charge, polarity, and/or is similar in size to the native amino acid is selected.

In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant of a naturally over-expressed (more than 1% of the total cellular protein) cyanobacterial gene is employed, that encodes for a polypeptide sequence that has at least 70%, or 80%, or at least 85% or greater identity to the protein encoded by the wild-type gene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a protein that has 90% identity, or at least 95% identity, or greater, to the protein encoded by the wild-type gene. Variant polynucleotides are also codon optimized for expression in cyanobacteria.

In some embodiments, a protein that is expressed at high levels in cyanobacteria is not native to cyanobacteria in which a fusion construct in accordance with the invention is expressed. For example, polynucleotides from bacteria or other organisms that are expressed at high levels in cyanobacteria may be used as leader sequences. In such embodiments, the polynucleotides from other organisms are codon-optimized for expression in cyanobacteria. In some embodiments, codon optimization is performed such that codons used with an average frequency of less than 12% by Synechocystis are replaced by more frequently used codons. Rare codons can be defined, e.g., by using a codon usage table derived from the sequenced genome of the host cyanobacterial cell. See, e.g., the codon usage table obtained from Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Japan (website www.kazusa.or.jp/codon/) used in conjunction with software, e.g., “Gene Designer 2.0” software, from DNA 2.0 (website www.dna20.com/) at a cut-off thread of 15%.

In some embodiments, a leader sequence in accordance with the present invention encodes a protein that confers antibiotic resistance. An example of such a leader sequence encodes neomycin phosphotransferase e.g., NPT1, which confers neomycin and kanamycin resistance. Other polynucleotides that may be employed include a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase polynucleotide, which confers chloramphenicol resistance; or a polynucleotide encoding a protein that confers streptomycin, ampicillin, or tetracycline resistance, or resistance to another antibiotic. In some embodiments, the leader sequence encodes less than the full-length of the protein, but typically comprises a region that encodes at least 25%, typically at least 50%, or at least 75%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or greater, of the length of the protein. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant of a naturally occurring antibiotic resistance gene is employed. As noted above, a variant polynucleotide need not encode a protein that retains the native biological function. A variant polynucleotide typically encodes a protein that has at least 80% identity, or at least 85% or greater, identity to the protein encoded by the wild-type antibiotic resistance gene. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide encodes a protein that has 90% identity, or at least 95% identity, or greater, to the wild-type antibiotic resistance protein. Such variant polynucleotides employed as leader sequence are also codon-optimized for expression in cyanobacteria. The percent identity is typically determined with reference to the length of the polynucleotide that is employed in the construct, i.e., the percent identity may be over the full length of a polynucleotide that encodes the leader polypeptide sequence, or may be over a smaller length, e.g., in embodiments where the polynucleotide encodes at least 25%, typically at least 50%, or at least 75%, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, or greater, of the length of the protein. A protein encoded by a variant polynucleotide sequence need not retain a biological function, however, codons that are present in a variant polynucleotide are typically selected such that the protein structure relative to the wild-type protein structure is not substantially altered by the changed codon, e.g., a codon that encodes an amino acid that has the same charge, polarity, and/or is similar in size to the native amino acid is selected.

Other leader proteins can be identified by evaluating the level of expression of a candidate leader protein in cyanobacteria. For example, a leader polypeptide that does not occur in wild type cyanobacteria may be identified by measuring the level of protein expressed from a polynucleotide codon optimized for expression in cyanobacteria that encodes the candidate leader polypeptide. A protein may be selected for use as a leader polypeptide if the protein accumulates to a level of at least 1%, typically at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%, at least 5%, or at least 10%, or greater, of the total protein expressed in the cyanobacteria when the polynucleotide encoding the leader polypeptide is introduced into cyanobacteria and the cyanobacteria cultured under conditions in which the transgene is expressed. The level of protein expression is typically determined using SDS PAGE analysis. Following electrophoresis, the gel is scanned and the amount of protein determined by image analysis.

Constructs Comprising a β-PHLS Gene

To use isolated sequences in the above techniques, recombinant DNA vectors suitable for transformation of cyanobacteria are prepared. Techniques for transformation are well known and described in the technical and scientific literature. For example, a DNA sequence encoding a β-PHLS gene (described in further detail below), can be combined with transcriptional and other regulatory sequences which will direct the transcription of the sequence from the gene in the intended cells of the transformed cyanobacteria. In some embodiments, an expression vector that comprises an expression cassette that comprises the β-PHLS gene further comprises a promoter operably linked to the D-PHLS gene. In other embodiments, a promoter and/or other regulatory elements that direct transcription of the β-PHLS gene are endogenous to the cyanobacteria and the expression cassette comprising the β-PHLS gene is introduced, e.g., by homologous recombination, such that the heterologous β-PHLS gene is operably linked to an endogenous promoter and is expression driven by the endogenous promoter.

Regulatory sequences include promoters, which may be either constitutive or inducible. In some embodiments, a promoter can be used to direct expression of β-PHLS nucleic acids under the influence of changing environmental conditions. Examples of environmental conditions that may affect transcription by inducible promoters include anaerobic conditions, elevated temperature, or the presence of light. Promoters that are inducible upon exposure to chemicals reagents are also used to express β-PHLS nucleic acids. Other useful inducible regulatory elements include copper-inducible regulatory elements (Mett et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4567-4571 (1993); Furst et al., Cell 55:705-717 (1988)); tetracycline and chlor-tetracycline-inducible regulatory elements (Gatz et al., Plant J. 2:397-404 (1992); Röder et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 243:32-38 (1994); Gatz, Meth. Cell Biol. 50:411-424 (1995)); ecdysone inducible regulatory elements (Christopherson et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:6314-6318 (1992); Kreutzweiser et al., Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 28:14-24 (1994)); heat shock inducible promoters, such as those of the hsp70/dnaK genes (Takahashi et al., Plant Physiol. 99:383-390 (1992); Yabe et al., Plant Cell Physiol. 35:1207-1219 (1994); Ueda et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 250:533-539 (1996)); and lac operon elements, which are used in combination with a constitutively expressed lac repressor to confer, for example, IPTG-inducible expression (Wilde et al., EMBO J. 11:1251-1259 (1992)). An inducible regulatory element also can be, for example, a nitrate-inducible promoter, e.g., derived from the spinach nitrite reductase gene (Back et al., Plant Mol. Biol. 17:9 (1991)), or a light-inducible promoter, such as that associated with the small subunit of RuBP carboxylase or the LHCP gene families (Feinbaum et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 226:449 (1991): Lam and Chua, Science 248:471 (1990)), or a light.

In some embodiments, the promoter may be from a gene associated with photosynthesis in the species to be transformed or another species. For example such a promoter from one species may be used to direct expression of a protein in transformed cyanobacteria cells. Suitable promoters may be isolated from or synthesized based on known sequences from other photosynthetic organisms. Preferred promoters are those for genes from other photosynthetic species, or other photosynthetic organism where the promoter is active in cyanobacteria.

In some embodiments, a promoter used to drive expression of a heterologous β-PHLS gene is a constitutive promoter. Examples of constitutive strong promoters for use in cyanobacteria include, for example, the psbDI gene or the basal promoter of the psbD II gene. Various other promoters that are active in cyanobacteria are also known. These include the light inducible promoters of the psbA1, psbA2, and psbA3 genes in cyanobacteria and promoters such as those set forth in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 20020164706, which is incorporated by reference. Other promoters that are operative in plants, e.g., promoters derived from plant viruses, such as the CaMV35S promoters, can also be employed in cyanobacteria. For a description of strong and regulated promoters, e.g., active in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp, strain PCC 7120, see e.g., Elhai, FEMS Microbiol Lett 114:179-184, (1993)). In other embodiments, other locus in the cyanobacterial chloroplast genome can be used to drive expression of the heterologous β-PHLS gene, provided that the locus permits relatively high expression levels of the heterologous gene. In some embodiments, the promoter is a cpc promoter, a Ptrc promoter, or a T7 promoter.

In some embodiments, promoters are identified by analyzing the 5′ sequences of a genomic clone corresponding to a β-PHLS gene. Sequences characteristic of promoter sequences can be used to identify the promoter.

A promoter can be evaluated, e.g., by testing the ability of the promoter to drive expression in cyanobacteria in which it is desirable to introduce a β-PHLS expression construct.

A vector comprising β-PHLS nucleic acid sequences will typically comprise a marker gene that confers a selectable phenotype on cyanobacteria transformed with the vector. Such markers are known. For example, the marker may encode antibiotic resistance, such as resistance to chloramphenicol, kanamycin, G418, bleomycin, hygromycin, and the like.

Heterologous Expression of β-Phellandrene Synthase Gene in Unicellular Microorganisms

Cell transformation methods and selectable markers for cyanobacteria are well known in the art (Wirth, Mol. Gen. Genet., 216(l):175-7 (1989); Koksharova, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 58(2): 123-37 (2002): Thelwell et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 95:10728-10733 (1998)). Transformation methods and selectable markers for are also well known (see. e.g., Sambrook et al., supra).

A codon-optimized β-phellandrene synthase gene as described in this disclosure can be expressed in any number of cyanobacteria where it is desirable to produce a blend of terpenes. Suitable unicellular cyanobacteria include Synechocystis sp., such as strain Synechocystis PCC 6803; and Synechococcus sp., e.g., the thermophilic Synechococcus lividus: the mesophilic Synechococcus elongatus or Synechococcus 6301. Multicellular, including filamentous cyanobacteria, may also be engineered to express β-PHLS in accordance with this invention. Multicellular cyanobacteria that can be used include, e.g., Gloeocapsa, as well as filamentous cyanobacteria such as Nostoc sp., e.g., Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, Nostoc sphaeroides): Anabaena sp., e.g., Anabaena variabilis, and Arthrospira sp. (“Spirulina”), such as Arthrospira platensis and Arthrospira maxima. Cyanobacteria that are genetically modified in accordance with this disclosure to express a β-PHLS gene may also contain other genetic modifications, e.g., modifications to the terpenoid pathway, to enhance production of terpenes.

In some embodiments, an expression construct is generated to allow the heterologous expression of the β-phellandrene synthase gene in Synechocystis through the replacement of the Synechocystis PsbA2 gene with the codon-optimized β-PHLS gene via double homologous recombination. In some embodiments, the expression construct comprises a codon-optimized β-phellandrene synthase gene operably linked to an endogenous cyanobacteria promoter. In some aspects, the promoter is the PsbA2 promoter.

In some embodiments, cyanobacteria are transformed with an expression vector comprising a β-PHLS gene and an antibiotic resistance gene. A detailed description is set forth in PCT Application No. PCT/US2007/71465, which is incorporated by reference. Transformants are cultured in selective media containing an antibiotic to which an untransformed host cell is sensitive. Cyanobacteria normally have up to 100 copies of identical circular DNA chromosomes in each cell. Successful transformation with an expression vector comprising a β-PHLS gene and an antibiotic resistance gene normally occurs in only one, or just a few, of the many cyanobacterial DNA copies. Hence, presence of the antibiotic is necessary to encourage expression of the transgenic copy(ies) of the DNA for terpene production. In the absence of the selectable marker (antibiotic), the transgenic copy(ies) of the DNA would be lost and replaced by wild-type copies of the DNA.

In some embodiments, cyanobacterial transformants are cultured under continuous selective pressure conditions (presence of antibiotic over many generations) to achieve DNA homoplasmy in the transformed host organism. One of skill in the art understands that the number of generations and length of time of culture varies depending on the particular culture conditions employed. Homoplasmy can be determined, e.g., by monitoring the DNA composition in the cells to determine the presence of wild-type copies of the cyanobacterial DNA.

“Achieving homoplasmy” refers to a quantitative replacement of most, e.g., 70% or greater, or typically all, wild-type copies of the cyanobacterial DNA in the cell with the transformant DNA copy that carries the β-PHLS transgene. This is normally attained over time, under the continuous selective pressure (antibiotic) conditions applied, and entails the gradual during growth replacement of the wild-type copies of the DNA with the transgenic copies, until no wild-type copy of the cyanobacterial DNA is left in any of the transformant cells. Achieving homoplasmy is typically verified by quantitative amplification methods such as genomic-DNA PCR using primers and/or probes specific for the wild-type copy of the cyanobacterial DNA. In some embodiments, the presence of wild-type cyanobacterial DNA can be detected by using primers specific for the wild-type cyanobacterial DNA and detecting the presence of the PsbA2 gene. Transgenic DNA is typically stable under homoplasmy conditions and present in all copies of the cyanobacterial DNA.

In some embodiments, cyanobacterial cultures can be cultured under conditions in which the light intensity is varied. Thus, for example, when a psbA2 promoter is used as a promoter to drive β-phellandrene synthase expression, transformed cyanobacterial cultures can be grown at low light intensity conditions (e.g., 10-50 ρmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹), then shifted to higher light intensity conditions (e.g., 500 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹). The psbA2 promoter responds to the shift in light intensity by up-regulating the expression of the β-PHLS gene in Synechocystis, typically at least about 10-fold. In other embodiments, cyanobacterial cultures can be exposed to increasing light intensity conditions (e.g., from 50 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹ to 2,500 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹) corresponding to a diurnal increase in light intensity up to full sunlight. The psbA2 promoter responds to the gradual increase in light intensity by up-regulating the expression of the β-PHLS gene in Synechocystis in parallel with the increase in light intensity.

Blends of monoterpenes can also be obtained by expressing a β-phellandrene synthase as described herein in unicellular photosynthetic microorganisms other than cyanobacteria. Such organisms include green algae, diatoms, and red algae. Illustrative green algae include Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Dunaliella salina; Chlorella fusca; Chlorella vulgaris; Scenedesmus obliquus: Botryococcus braunii. Examples of diatoms that can be modified to express a β-phellandrene synthase in accordance with this disclosure to produce a blend of monoterpenes include Pheodactylum tricornutum: Cylindrotheca fusiformis; Cyclotella gamma; Nannochloropsis oceanica; and Thalassiosira pseudonana. Examples of red algae that can be modified to express a β-phellandrene synthase in accordance with this disclosure to produce a blend of monoterpenes include Porphyridium cruentum: Cyanidioschyzon merolae; Flintiella sanguinaria; and Rhodosorus marinus

Production of Monoterpene Hydrocarbon Blends in Cyanobacteria

Transformed cyanobacteria (transformant cyanobacteria) are grown under conditions in which the heterologous β-PHLS gene is expressed. Methods of mass culturing cyanobacteria are known to one skilled in the art. For example, cyanobacteria can be grown to high cell density in photobioreactors (see, e.g., Lee et al., Biotech. Bioengineering 44:1161-1167, 1994; Chaumont, J Appl. Phycology 5:593-604, 1990). Examples of photobioreactors include cylindrical or tubular bioreactors, see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,958,761, 6,083,740, US Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0048859: WO 2007/011343, and WO 2007/098150. High density photobioreactors are described in, for example, Lee, et al., Biotech. Bioengineering 44: 1 161-1 167, 1994. Other photobioreactors suitable for use in the invention are described. e.g., in WO 2011/034567 and references cited in the background section. Photobioreactor parameters that can be optimized, automated and regulated for production of photosynthetic organisms are further described in (Puiz (2001) Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 57:287-293). Such parameters include, but are not limited to, materials of construction, efficient light incidence into reactor lumen, light path, layer thickness, oxygen released, salinity and nutrients, pH, temperature, turbulence, optical density, and the like.

Transformed cyanobacteria that express a heterologous β-PHLS gene are grown under mass culture conditions for the production of monoterpene hydrocarbons. In typical embodiments, the transformed organisms are growth in bioreactors or fermentors that provide an enclosed environment. For example, in some embodiments for mass culture, the cyanobacteria are grown in enclosed reactors in quantities of at least about 500 liters, often of at least about 1000 liters or greater, and in some embodiments in quantities of about 1,000,000 liters or more. One of skill understands that large-scale culture of transformed cyanobacteria that comprise a β-phellandrene synthase gene where expression is driven by a light sensitive promoter, such as a PsbA2 promoter, is typically carried out in conditions where the culture is exposed to natural light. Accordingly, in such embodiments appropriate enclosed reactors are used that allow light to reach the cyanobacteria culture.

Growth media for culturing cyanobacteria transformants are well known in the art. For example, cyanobacteria may be grown on solid media such as BG-11 media (see, e.g., Rippka et al., J. Gen Microbiol, 111:1-61, 1979). Alternatively, they may be grown in liquid media (see, e.g., Bentley & Melis, Biotechnol. Bioeng. 109:100-109, 2012). In typical embodiments for production of monterpenes, liquid cultures are employed. For example, such a liquid culture may be maintained at about 25° C. under a slow stream of constant aeration and illumination, e.g., at 20 μmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹. In certain embodiments, an antibiotic, e.g., chloramphenical, is added to the liquid culture. For example, chloramphenicol may be used at a concentration of 15 μg/ml.

In some embodiments, cyanobacteria transformants are grown photoautotrophically in a gaseous/aqueous two-phase photobioreactor (see, e.g., Bentley & Melis. 2012, supra, and WO 2012/145692). In certain embodiments, the methods of the present invention comprise obtaining a blend of monoterpenes produced by the cyanobacteria using a diffusion-based method for spontaneous gas exchange in a gaseous/aqueous two-phase photobioreactor. In particular aspects of the method, carbon dioxide is used as a feedstock for the photosynthetic generation in cell culture and the headspace of the bioreactor is filled with 100% CO² and sealed.

Conditions for growing β-PHLS-expressing cyanobacteria for the purposes illustrated above are known in the art (see, e.g., the illustrative references cited herein). Monoterpene hydrocarbons produced by the modified cyanobacteria can be harvested using known techniques. Monoterpene hydrocarbons are not miscible in water and they rise to and float at the surface of the microorganism growth medium. In typical embodiments, they are siphoned off from the surface and sequestered in suitable containers. In addition, and depending on the prevailing temperature during the mass cultivation of the cyanobacteria, monoterpene can exist in vapor form above the water medium in the bioreactor container (monoterpene hydrocarbons have a relatively high boiling temperature T=170-175° C.). In some embodiments, monoterpene vapor is piped off the bioreactor container and condensed into liquid 1 form upon cooling or low-level compression.

In typical embodiments, the photosynthetically produced monoterpene blend is in liquid form and floating on the aqueous phase of the liquid culture. The blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons typically comprises at least two, or at least three monoterpenes selected from the group consisting of β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, and δ-2-carene with variable percentage ratios, e.g., ranging from <10% to >90% with different product combinations and proportions. In some embodiments, a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons produced in accordance with the disclosure may also comprise one or more of α-pinene, terpinene, ocimene or limonene. These hydrophobic monoterpenes spontaneously diffuse out of the cyanobacterial cells that generate them and accumulate as floater molecules on the surface of the liquid culture.

In some embodiments, extraction of the terpenes produced in accordance with the invention is performed by skimming the floating terpenes from the surface of the liquid phase of the culture and isolating the terpenes. In certain embodiments, photosynthetically produced non-miscible monoterpenes in liquid form are extracted from the liquid phase by a method comprising overlaying a solvent such as heptane, decane, or dodecane, on top of the liquid culture in the bioreactor, incubating for at room temperature, e.g. 30 minutes or longer; and removing the solvent, e.g., heptane, layer containing monoterpenes. In some embodiments, photosynthetically produced monoterpenes are a volatile product accumulating in the headspace of the bioreactor.

EXAMPLES

The examples described herein are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially similar results

The following examples illustrate the over-expression of β-phellandrene synthase and isoprene synthase in cyanobacteria.

Materials and Methods Synechocystis Strains, Recombinant Constructs, and Culturing Conditions

Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 was used as the recipient strain and referred to as the wild type (wt) in this study. The PHLS sequences from Solanum lIvcopersicum (tomato; AC056896.1), Pinus banksiana (pine; AFU73854.1), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce; ADZ45506.1), and Abies grandis (grand fir; AAF61453.1), and the NPPS sequence from Solanum lycopersicum (AC056895.1), were codon optimized for expression in Synechocystis, after removal of the putative chloroplast transit peptide, as predicted by ChloroP (Emanuelsson et al. 1999). The resulting nucleotide sequences (table of sequences) were synthesized at Biomatik (http://wwv.biomatik.com/) with the NdeI and BglII restriction sites at the 5′ and 3′-end, respectively, for subsequent cloning in the corresponding sites of the CpcB.PHLS+Cpce plasmid. This plasmid was the same, as that previously employed for expression of the Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) PHLS as a fusion with the Synechocystis phycocyanin β-subunit (CpcB) under control of the strong cpe operon promoter (Formighieri and Melis 2015). The NPPS encoding sequence, including the CpcA ribosome-binding site, was additionally cloned in an operon configuration downstream of the SIPHLS transgene via BglII and NotI. The recombinant plasmids used in this work have been deposited and can be made available through Addgene (<https://www.addgene.org/Anastasios_Melis>).

Synechocystis transformations and growth conditions were made according to established protocol (Williams 1988, Eaton-Rye 2011). Wild type and transformants were maintained on 1% agar BG11 media supplemented with 10 mM TES-NaOH (pH 8.2) and 0.3% sodium thiosulfate. Liquid cultures in BG11 were buffered with 25 mM phosphate (pH 7.5) and incubated under continuous low-stream bubbling with air at 28° C. Transgenic DNA copy homoplasmy was achieved with cells incubated on agar in the presence of 30 μg/mL chloramphenicol, 5 mM glucose, under illumination of 170 ρmol photons m⁻² s⁻¹.

Genome integration of the recombinant cassette in the cpe locus, and attainment of transgenic DNA copy homoplasmy were verified by genomic DNA PCR analysis, using primers cpc_us and cpcA_Rv (Formighieri and Melis 2015). The cpc_us primer was also coupled in a PCR reaction with specific oligonucleotides designed to recognize each PHLS sequence: 5′-AATCCAGGCACTGTGGGAAG-3′ (SIPHLS_Rv) (SEQ ID NO:43), 5′-CACGACCGATGCCTITCTC-3′ (PbPHLS_Rv) (SEQ ID NO:44), 5′-TTTCGAGCTTCTAATCGTGGC-3′ (PsPHLS_Rv) (SEQ ID NO:45), 5′-ATTGCGAGTTTCCAACCGAG-3′ (AgPHLS_Rv) (SEQ ID NO:46). Presence of the NPPS sequence was verified in a PCR reaction using the specific oligonucleotide (NPPS_Fw, 5′-TCGCTGGGCCAAAGATAAGG-3′) (SEQ ID NO:47) and cpcA_Rv.

Protein Analysis and Monoterpenes Production by Synechocystis Transformants

Protein extraction from cell lysates was performed as described (Formighieri and Melis 2015). Total cell proteins were subsequently resolved by SDS-PAGE and Coomassie stained. Monoterpenes production and separation from Synechocystis cultures were performed as described (Bentley et al. 2013; Formighieri and Melis 2014a: Formighieri and Melis 2015). Typically, cells from mid-growth cultures were pelleted and resuspended in fresh medium at OD₇₃₀ nm=0.5, bubbled with 100% CO2 to fill the gaseous headspace of the gaseous-aqueous two-phase reactor (Bentley and Melis 2012), sealed and incubated for 48 h in the light. Monoterpene hydrocarbons spontaneously diffused out of the cells and were collected from the surface of the transformant cultures by applying a known volume of hexane overlayer. Monoterpene products were analyzed by UV-absorbance spectrophotometry and sensitive gas chromatography (GC-FID) (Formighieri and Melis 2014b, 2015). For PsPHLS and AgPHLS, whose corresponding Synechocystis transformants yielded low levels of monoterpene products, a splitless injection mode was used instead of a split ratio of 10.

Results Example 1. Heterologous Expression and Activity of Solanum lycopersicum in Synechocystis Transformants

The codon optimized sequence encoding for the Solanum lycopersicum PHLS (SIPHLS) was expressed under control of the strong endogenous cpc operon promoter as a fusion protein with the highly abundant in cyanobacteria phycocyanin β-subunit (CpcB). The other cpe genes of the endogenous cpc operon were maintained in place downstream of the recombinant construct (FIG. 1a ). This strategy proved successful in over-expressing the PHLS from Lavandula angustifolia (Formighieri and Melis 2015). High concentrations of the enzyme in the cell help to overcome limitations in the rate and yield of monoterpene production due to the slow catalytic activity (slow K_(cat)) of terpene synthases (Formighieri and Melis 2015). A second construct (FIG. 1b ) was designed to co-express SIPHLS with the neryl-diphosphate synthase of Solanum lycopersicum (SINPPS) in an operon configuration. Synechocystis has an endogenous pool of GPP, but it lacks a NPPS activity. The second construct tested the requirement of NPP as a substrate for the catalytic activity of SIPHLS.

Both constructs were integrated in the cpc genomic locus of Synechocystis by double homologous recombination. The resulting transformants were screened by genomic DNA PCR analysis to test for the correct genome integration of the recombinant genes and attainment of transgenic DNA copy homoplasmy. A PCR amplifying the cpc upstream-to-cpcA region resulted in a 5128 bp product with the CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS transformants, a 4344 bp product with CpcB.SIPHLS, and a 1289 bp product with the wild type (FIG. 1c ). PCR amplification of the cpc upstream-to-SIPHLS region gave a 1321 bp product in the transformants only, and not in the wt (FIG. 1d ), while amplification of the SINPPS-to-cpcA specifically showed presence of the NPPS encoding sequence in the CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS transformants (FIG. 1 e, 1606 bp product).

Protein expression analysis was then performed by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie staining (FIG. 1f ). While phycocyanin is the most abundant protein in wild type Synechocystis extracts (FIG. 1f , wt), the native CpcB was replaced by CpcB.SIPHLS fusion protein in the transformants, and could be seen in the Coomassie-stained gel with an expected molecular weight of 105 kD, both in CpcB.SIPHLS and CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS transformants (FIG. 1f ), offering clear evidence of over-expression. In contrast, the NPPS protein could not be detected in the CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS transformants upon Coomassie-staining, indicating a lower level of expression.

In vivo activity of SIPHLS was assayed by measuring monoterpene hydrocarbons production by the CpcB.SIPHLS and CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS Synechocystis transformants. The monoterpene products were collected as floater molecules from the surface of sealed cultures upon dilution with a known volume of hexane and siphoning-off the lipophilic phase. The hexane extracts from the CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS transformants showed distinctive UV-absorbance spectra (Formighieri and Melis 2016), suggesting the presence of monoterpenes (FIG. 2a . CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS). In contrast, the hexane extracts from the wild type and the CpcB.SIPHLS transformants resulted in a featureless flat absorbance (FIG. 2a , wt. CpcB.SIPHLS). This outcome was to be expected for the wild type that is not endowed with monoterpene biosynthesis, and it also indicated lack of hydrocarbons productivity by the CpcB.SIPHLS transformants. This result is consistent with the notion that SIPHLS alone cannot use the endogenous GPP pool in cyanobacteria, but it requires heterologous synthesis of NPP as substrate.

The monoterpene hydrocarbons profile of the CpcB.SIPHLS+NPPS transformants was additionally analyzed by GC-FID, showing the presence of a blend of monoterpenes produced under these conditions (FIG. 2b ). β-Phellandrene was detected as the major product (74%), followed by α-phellandrene (20%) and β-myrcene (5%). Smaller amounts (˜1%) of β-pinene and δ-2-carene were also detected. Limonene that was identified in tomato trichome extracts and apparently produced by the SIPHLS enzyme in vitro (Schilmiller et al. 2009) was not detected upon heterologous expression of the SIPHLS in Synechocystis. It is concluded that heterologous expression of the PHLS from tomato in Synechocystis results in the generation of substantially different and unique blends of monoterpenes.

Example 2. Heterologous Expression and Activity of Pinus Banksiana PHLS in Synechocystis Transformants

The codon optimized sequence encoding the Pinus banksiana PHLS (PbPHLS) was expressed in Synechocystis in the cpc genomic locus as a fusion with CpcB (FIG. 3a ). Correct genome integration and transgenic DNA copy homoplasmy were tested by genomic DNA PCR analysis. The cpc upstream-to-cpcA genomic region was PCR amplified and resulted in a 3834 bp product with the transformants as compared to the 1289 bp product corresponding to the wild type sequence (FIG. 3b ). The cpc upstream-to-PbPHLS region was specifically amplified in the transformants only, resulting in a 1495 bp PCR product (FIG. 3c ).

Protein expression was then investigated by SDS-PAGE analysis of total cell protein extracts. The CpcB.PbPHLS fusion protein was highly expressed in the Synechocystis transformants, clearly visible upon Coomassie staining of the gel (FIG. 3d , CpcB*PbPHLS, expected molecular weight of 84 kD).

When assayed for monoterpene production, the CpcB.PbPHLS transformants showed a distinctive UV-absorbance spectrum of the hexane extracts as compared to the wild type, suggesting activity of the PbPHLS upon heterologous expression in Synechocystis (FIG. 4a ). Analysis of the monoterpene products by GC-FID showed β-phellandrene as the dominant product, suggesting high product specificity of the PbPHLS enzyme toward this monoterpene hydrocarbon (FIG. 4b ). Considerably smaller amounts of β-pinene and β-myrcene were also detected (<2%). The relatively higher specificity of cyanobacteria transformants for the β-phellandrene product affords an advantage over oleoresin extracts from Pinus banksiana that contain a mix of difficult to extract monoterpenes (Hall et al. 2013). It is also in contrast to the blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons obtained upon in vivo expression of the SIPHLS in Synechocystis (FIG. 2b ). As such, expression of the PbPHLS in cyanobacteria could be used for the generation of a more pure monoterpene hydrocarbon product, when so desired.

Example 3. Heterologous Expression and Activity of Picea sitchensis PHLS in Synechocystis Transformants

The codon optimized sequence encoding the Picea sitchensis PHLS (PsPHLS) was expressed as a fusion with CpcB in the cpc locus of the Synechocystis genome (FIG. 5a ). Genomic DNA PCR analysis was then performed to genetically characterize the transformants. The cpc upstream-to-cpcA region was amplified by PCR and resulted in a 3837 bp product with the transformants. Absence of the 1289 bp product, corresponding to the wt sequence, showed attainment of transgenic DNA copy homoplasmy in the transformants (FIG. 5b ). Genome integration of the PsPHLS encoding sequence was specifically verified by PCR amplification of the cpc upstream-to-PsPHLS, yielding a product of 1832 bp in the transformants only (FIG. 5c ).

The CpcB.PsPHLS fusion protein, with an expected molecular weight of 84 kD, was detected upon Coomassie staining of electrophoretically resolved total protein extracts (FIG. 5d ), indicating successful expression of the recombinant fusion protein. Heterologous expression of the CpcB.PsPHLS fusion resulted in relatively low yields of monoterpene production, as suggested by the low amplitude of UV-absorbance of exudates from the transformants (FIG. 6a ), compared with production levels by the CpcB.SIPHLS (FIG. 2a ) and CpcB.PsPHLS (FIG. 4a ). GC-FID analysis (FIG. 6b ) showed β-myrcene as the main monoterpene produced (62%), followed by smaller amounts of β-phellandrene (19%), α-phellandrene (14%), and β-pinene (5%). This profile was consistent with the UV-absorbance spectra of lipophilic extracts from Synechocystis transformants. β-Phellandrene has an absorbance peak at 232 nm in hexane (Formighieri and Melis 2014a), while the absorbance max of hexane extracts from the CpcB.PsPHLS transformants was shifted toward 224 nm, where the absorbance maximum of D-myrcene occurs (FIG. 6a ). PsPHLS was additionally expressed under the cpc operon promoter in a non-fusion configuration, but this resulted in even lower yields of monoterpene production, likely related to lower protein expression levels (Formighieri and Melis 2014a), while the monoterpenes profile was the same as that shown in FIG. 6b (results not shown). Interestingly, the monoterpene products profile obtained upon heterologous expression of PsPHLS in Synechocystis was different than that obtained upon assaying the recombinant enzyme in vitro (Keeling et al. 2011). These results also support the notion that heterologous expression in Synechocystis of the PHLS from Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) results in the generation of substantially different and unique profiles of monoterpenes than those obtained in the same host with the lavender, tomato and pine PHLS enzymes, but also different from the monoterpenes profile of Sitka spruce extracts.

Example 4. Heterologous Expression and Activity of Abies grandis PHLS in Synechocystis Transformants

A corresponding DNA recombinant construct, as the ones employed for expression of the PHLS proteins from the afore-mentioned plant species, was also made for expression of the Synechocystis codon optimized Abies grandis PHLS (FIG. 7a ).

Genomic DNA PCR analysis confirmed the genetic identity and homoplasmy of the resulting Synechocystis transformants. PCR amplification of the cpc upstream-to-cpcA region resulted in a 3861 bp product with the transformants, and a 1289 bp product when using the wt genome as template (FIG. 7b ). Genome integration of the AgPHLS encoding sequence was specifically tested upon amplification of the cpc upstream-to-AgPHLS region, resulting in a 1842 bp product in the transformants only (FIG. 7c ). The CpcB.AgPHLS fusion protein was visually detected upon SDS-PAGE and Coomassie staining of total protein extracts, with an expected molecular weight of 86 kD (FIG. 7d ).

When assayed upon heterologous expression in Synechocystis, the CpcB.AgPHLS construct yielded relatively low levels of monoterpenes, as shown by the low level of UV-absorbance (FIG. 8a ), compared with production levels by the CpcB.SIPHLS (FIG. 2a ) and CpcB.PsPHLS (FIG. 4a ) constructs. Even lower yields were obtained upon expression of AgPHLS in a non-fusion configuration, corresponding to lower levels of protein expression (not shown). GC-FID analysis showed that the monoterpene exudates from the CpcB.AgPHLS transformant Synechocystis are composed of β-phellandrene (66%), β-myrcene (32%), and β-pinene (2%) (FIG. 8b ). This outcome reinforces the above results by showing that heterologous expression of the PHLS from Abies grandis (grand fir) in Synechocystis results in the generation of unique blends of monoterpenes.

DISCUSSION

The cyanobacterium Synechocystis was applied as a microbial factory for heterologous expression of β-phellandrene synthase (PHLS) enzymes from divergent plant species (Schilmiller et al. 2009, Hall et al. 2013, Keeling et al. 2011. Bohlmann et al. 1999). These enzymes, when expressed in the cytosol of the heterologous cyanobacterial host, showed the unexpected ability of producing a variable blend of plant essential oils, whose composition and unique scent differed from what the same enzymes generate in their natural plant hosts, or when assayed in vitro.

β-Phellandrene synthases from divergent plants were reported to primarily produce β-phellandrene (Schilmiller et al. 2009, Hall et al. 2013, Keeling et al. 2011. Bohlmann et al. 1999), although they substantially differed from one-another in their amino acid sequence (FIG. 9a-9d ). From the amino acid sequence alignment of different PHLS (FIG. 9a-9d ), it is evident that there is a greater divergence in the N-terminal part of the enzymes, as compared to the C-terminal region of the proteins. Overall, the higher degree of identity among the examined sequences is 70% between Picca sitchensis and Abies grandis PHLS, followed by 63% with the Pinus banksiana counterpart. These conifer enzymes are substantially different from the Lavandula angustifolia PHLS showing only ˜20% of identity with the latter. The Solanum lycopersicum PHLS is also substantially different from the other PHLS enzymes examined in the present work, having only ˜15% identity with the rest. A rooted phylogenetic tree, based on the ClustalW aminoacid sequence alignment (FIG. 9a-9d ) is reported in FIG. 10. It shows closer proximity, i.e. less nucleotide substitutions per site, among the conifer monoterpene synthases, and a higher degree of sequence divergence between the conifer monoterpene synthases and either the Lavandula angustifolia PHLS or the Solanum lycopersicum PHLS, consistent with their taxonomic classification (FIG. 10). Although the amino acid sequences are substantially different (FIG. 9a-9d ), important conserved motifs among terpene synthases could be identified as playing a role in the catalysis reported.

In particular, the arginine-rich RR(×8)W signature motif is localized near the N-terminus, but it is part of an N-terminal strand that folds back on the C-terminal domain and supports closure of the active site (Hyatt et al. 2007, Srividya et al. 2015). This motif is uniquely conserved in Solanum lycopersicum PHLS as a KR(×9)W sequence (FIG. 9a-9d ).

L.angustifoliaADQ73631.1 P-TGRRSGGYPPALWDFDTIQSLN--------------------------  32 (SEQ ID NO: 12) P.sitchensisADZ45506.1 DGVQRRTGGYHSLNWNDDIIQFLS--------------------------  33 (SEQ ID NO: 13) A.grandisAAF61453.1 DGLQRRIGDYHSNLWDDDPIQSLS--------------------------  33 (SEQ ID NO: 14) P.banksianasAFU73854.1 DGVRRRVGDYRYNHWDEDLIDSLA--------------------------  34 (SEQ ID NO: 15) S.lycopersicumACO56896.1 EQIKR GLGFIETYG WAVDNKDQISPLGFEVIFSSMIKSAEKLDLNLPLNL 150 (SEQ ID NO: 16)

The C-terminal α-domain contains the class I (ionization-initiated) active site, characterized by the aspartate-rich DDxxD motif and the partially conserved (N/D)Dxx(S/T)xxxE sequence that coordinate the binding of three divalent metal (Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺) ions. The latter are required for substrate binding and activation (Demissie et al. 2011, Hyatt et al. 2007, Zhou et al. 2012).

L.angustifoliaADQ73631.1 CLDDTYDVYGTIEELQLFTSTIQRWDLKS-MKQLPTYMQVSFLALHNPVT 339 (SEQ ID NO: 17) P.sitchensisADZ45506.1 ILDDMYDVFGTIDELELFTAQIKRWDPSA-TDCLPKYMKRMYMILYDMVN 373 (SEQ ID NO: 18) A.grandisAAF61453.1 VLDDIYDTFGTMDEIELFNEAVRRWNPSE-KERLPEYMKEIYMALYEALT 379 (SEQ ID NO: 19) P.banksianaAFU73854.1 VLDDIYDTYGTMEELELFTAAIKRWDPSV-VDCLPEYMKGVYMAVYDTVN 369 (SEQ ID NO: 20) S.lycopersicumACO56896.1 IVDDHFESFASKDECFNIIELVERWDDYASVGYKSEKVKVFFSVFYKSIE 542 (SEQ ID NO: 21) L.angustifoliaADQ73631.1 ERMHKYRDMNRVSSNIVRLADDMGTSLAEVERGDVPKAIQCYMNET- 455 (SEQ ID NO: 22) P.sitchensisADZ45506.1 KEVDFPSKLNDLASAILRLRGDTRCYKADRARGEEASCISCYMKDNP 497 (SEQ ID NO: 23) A.grandisAAF61453.1 KGIDFPSRFNDLASSFLRLRGDTRCYKADRDRGEEASSISCYMKDNP 503 (SEQ ID NO: 24) P.banksianaAFU73854.1 QEIDFPAKFNDLISVILRLKGDTRCYKADRARGEEASSVSCYMKDNA 493 (SEQ ID NO: 25) S.lycopersicumACO56896.1 ESDEICG-LWNCSGRVM RILNDLQDSK----REQKEVSINLVTLLMK 662 (SEQ ID NO: 26)

Modeling of the 3D structures of the PHLS proteins, performed with the RaptorX web server (Källberg et al. 2012), showed interesting differences in the folding of the respective polypeptides. The PHLS from Lavandula angustifolia (Bentley et al. 2013. Formighieri and Melis 2014a, Formighieri and Melis 2015) was predicted to have a two-domain (αβ) structure, and is similar to the limonene synthase from Mentha spicata that served as the best template (2ongA, p-value 2.43e-14) (FIG. 11a ). Terpene synthases are thought to derive from a common ancestor with a three (αβγ) domains structure (Trapp and Croteau 2001). During evolution the γ-domain was lost from the monofunctional class I terpene synthases, where the active site is embedded in the C-terminal α-domain. It was speculated that the extensive contacts that the β-domain makes with the α-domain prevented its deletion (Zhou et al. 2012). The N-terminal strand (FIG. 11a ), that precedes the β-domain, was also retained, and it folds back across the C-terminal α-domain to form a ‘cap’ that shields reactive carbocation intermediates from the solvent (Hyatt et al. 2007, Srividya et al. 2015). Modeling of the CpcB.LaPHLS fusion protein showed the CpcB fusion moiety to be structurally independent from the LaPHLS (FIG. 11b ).

As the case was for the LaPHLS, PHLS proteins from conifer trees (Pinus banksiana, Picea sitchensis and Abies grandis) were also modeled with a two-domain (αβ) structure (FIG. 11a ). However, based on their aminoacid sequence, they showed higher similarity with sesquiterpene synthases from conifers, such as the bisabolene synthase from Abies grandis (3saeA), rather than other monoterpene synthases from angiosperm species, although they do not have the γ-domain found in the sesquiterpene synthase (McAndrew et al. 2011).

Interestingly, modeling of the 3D structure of the SIPHLS protein using the RaptorX web server (Källberg et al 2012) showed a three-domain (αβγ) structure (FIG. 11e ) with the best template being that of the abietadiene (diterpene) synthase from Abies grandis (3s9vA, p-value 9.58e-18). Modeling of the CpcB.SIPHLS fusion protein showed the CpcB domain to be structurally independent from the SIPHLS moiety (FIG. 11d , blue). The common ancestor of terpene synthases is thought to have all three domains active in the catalysis of subsequent steps in product formation (Trapp and Croteau 2001). This is still true for the dual-function abietadiene synthase that has two distinct active sites, one within the α-domain and one between the β and γ-domains (Zhou et al. 2012). In the case of the SIPHLS, the C-terminal α-domain contains the class I active site where the NPP substrate ionizes to a neryl-cation intermediate before being converted to the monoterpene product(s) (Schilmiller et al. 2009). However, the substantial sequence conservation of the β and γ-domains, as compared to diterpene synthases, suggests that they may have retained a function in SIPHLS and may not be evolutionary relics (Hyatt et al. 2007).

Overall, the differences among PHLS proteins may suggest that the gene function evolved independently more than once (Keeling et al. 2011). Our results further suggest that enzyme function and product specificity also depend on the environment of the cell host or of the cellular compartment, with the biochemical basis of the later causing catalytic deviations from the products naturally observed in the corresponding gene-encoding plants, or upon testing the recombinant proteins in vitro, giving rise to the terpene hydrocarbon blends described in this work.

Upon expression of the aforementioned PHLS proteins in Synechocystis, we observed differences in activity and monoterpene products profile. Co-expression of SIPHLS and NPPS led on average to a total monoterpenes yield of 0.6 mg g⁻¹ dcw (Table 1), of which β-phellandrene accounted for 74%, followed by α-phellandrene (20%) and β-myrcene (5%, Table 2). Expression of SIPHLS, as a fusion to CpcB resulted in recombinant protein accumulation clearly visible in SDS-PAGE Coomassie stain; however the NPPS protein was present at low levels in the transformants and could not be discerned in the Coomassic-stain under these conditions (FIG. 1f ). Because SIPHLS depends on the heterologous NPP synthase activity to supply the necessary NPP substrate, optimization of NPPS expression could further improve monoterpene yields.

Among the PHLS proteins from conifer trees, the PHLS from Pinus banksiana proved to be the most active in Synechocystis transformants, yielding an average of 0.33 mg β-phellandrene g-1 dew (Table 1). PbPHLS also showed a higher specificity for β-phellandrene comprising the dominant product (Table 2). Since no heterologous GPPS was co-expressed with PbPHLS, the terpene synthase was able to compete with the endogenous pool of GPP as substrate.

In contrast, heterologous expression of the PHLS from Picea sitchensis and Abies grandis resulted in lower product yields, although the recombinant proteins were expressed at sufficient levels and clearly visible in SDS-PAGE Coomassie-stain of total cell protein extracts (FIGS. 5, 7). These enzymes also produced a blend of monoterpenes (β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, and β-myrcene, and β-pinene) with the acyclic monoterpene β-myrcene comprising higher relative amounts than recorded with the other PHLS enzymes (FIGS. 6, 8 and Table 2). β-Myrcene synthesis by monoterpene synthase enzymes was associated to premature termination of the reaction (Srividya et al. 2015).

Interestingly, monoterpene synthases from angiosperms were reported to require either Mg²⁺ or Mn²⁺ in the ionization steps of the reaction to neutralize the negatively charged diphosphate group of the substrate (Schilmiller et al. 2009, Hyatt et al. 2007). In contrast, monoterpene synthases from conifers specifically require Mn²⁺, while Mg²⁺ was an ineffective cation cofactor, and have the additional requirement for a monovalent cation (K⁺) (Bohlmann et al. 1997, Green et al. 2009). In this respect, the intracellular environment of Synechocystis may be substantially different than the environment where these proteins are naturally active in plants, and also different compared to in vitro assay conditions. Changes in local concentrations of metal ions could affect activity and product specificity of the monoterpene synthases, so that modifications of Synechocystis growth media and culture conditions could be a complementary strategy to improve yields and composition toward desired blend of monoterpenes cyanobacteria in vivo.

These examples describe heterologous expression and characterization of plant-based β-phellandrene synthase enzymes in an illustrative cyanobacteria strain. Synechocystis. Expression of these various β-phellandrene synthase enzymes unexpectedly resulted in monoterpene profiles that included multiple monoterpenes. Further, the monoterpene profiles differed from those in plant extracts. Thus, expression of β-phellandrene synthase enzymes in cyanobacteria results in the generation of monoterpene hydrocarbon blends with distinctly different chemical properties and scents. These terpene products have commercial value in applications by the cosmetics, pharmaceutical and potentially and other industries.

All publications, accession numbers, and patent applications cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent application were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

LISTING OF REFERENCES CITED IN THE APPLICATION BY AUTHOR AND YEAR OF PUBLICATION

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TABLE 1 Photosynthetic carbon partitioning between monoterpenes and cellular biomass in Synechocystis transformants expressing the PHLS and NPPS from Solanum lycopersicum, or the PHLS from Pinus banksiana. Yields are expressed as mg of total monoterpenes relative to the increment in biomass observed during a 48 h culture incubation period. Three independent transformant lines were assayed for each genotype, with corresponding averages and standard deviations. Total monoterpenes, mg g⁻¹ dcw Transformant lines tested a b c SlPHLS + NPPS 0.760 ± 0.10 0.597 ± 0.15 0.445 ± 0.06 PbPHLS 0.348 ± 0.08 0.330 ± 0.06 0.307 ± 0.02

TABLE 2 Monoterpene products profile obtained upon heterologous expression of β-phellandrene synthase in Synechocystis of the following enzymes: Lavandula angustifolia (lavender) β-phellandrene synthase (LaPHLS), Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) β-phellandrene synthase and neryl diphosphate synthase (SlPHLS + NPPS), Pinus banksiana β-phellandrene synthase (PbPHLS), Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce) β-phellandrene synthase (PsPHLS), Abies grandis β-phellandrene synthase (AgPHLS). Monoterpenes are expressed as percentage of the total monoterpene blend photosynthetically generated, n.d., not detected. β-Phl α-Phl β-Myr β-Pin δ-Car LaPHLS 88% n.d. 12% n.d n.d (Lavender) SlPHLS + NPPS 74% 20%  5% <1% <1% (Tomato) PbPHLS >96%  n.d. <2% <2% n.d. (Pine) PsPHLS 19% 14% 62% 5% n.d. (Sitka spruce) AgPHLS 66% n.d. 32% 2% n.d. (Grand fir)

Codon-optimized PHLS sequences: SEQ ID 1. HQ404305| beta-phellandrene synthase [Lavandula angustifolia] Underlined are the Ndel and BglII restriction sites for cloning at  the 5′ and 3′-end, respectively. CATATGTGTAGTTTGCAAGTTTCTGATCCTATTCCTACCGGACGCCGTTCCGGTGGTTATCCCCCGGCCT TATGGGATTTCGATACTATTCAATCCCTGAATACCGAATATAAGGGCGAACGTCACATGCGTCGGGAAGA AGACTTAATTGGTCAAGTTCGGGAAATGTTGGTGCACGAAGTAGAAGATCCCACTCCCCAGTTGGAATTC ATTGACGATCTGCATAAATTGGGCATTTCCTGCCATTTTGAAAACGAGATTCTGCAAATTCTCAAATCCA TTTATCTCAACCAAAACTATAAACGGGACCTCTATTCTACCAGTTTAGCCTTCCGTCTCTTGCGTCAATA CGGGTTTATCTTGCCGCAGGAAGTTTTTGACTGCTTTAAAAACGAAGAAGGTACGGATTTTAAACCCAGC TTCGGCCGGGATATTAAGGGTCTGTTACAGTTGTACGAAGCCTCCTTTTTGTCCCGGAAGGGGGAAGAAA CTTTACAACTCGCCCGCGAATTTGCTACCAAAATCTTGCAAAAGGAAGTCGATGAACGGGAATTTGCTAC TAAAATGGAATTTCCCAGTCACTGGACCGTACAAATGCCTAACGCTCGGCCTTTTATCGATGCCTATCGT CGGCGTCCCGACATGAACCCCGTGGTTCTGGAACTCGCCATTCTCGATACCAATATCGTGCAAGCTCAGT TTCAAGAAGAATTGAAGGAGACCTCCCGTTGGTGGGAAAGCACGGGGATTGTTCAAGAACTGCCGTTTGT TCGGGACCGGATTGTGGAAGGTTATTTTTGGACCATTGGTGTTACTCAACGCCGTGAACACGGTTACGAA CGTATTATGACGGCCAAAGTCATCGCTTTGGTGACCTGTTTGGATGATATTTATGACGTATATGGCACTA TTGAAGAATTGCAACTCTTCACCTCTACGATTCAGCGTTGGGATTTGGAGTCTATGAAGCAGTTACCGAC TTATATGCAGGTAAGCTTCCTGGCCTTGCACAATTTTGTAACCGAAGTGGCCTATGATACGCTGAAGAAA AAGGGCTACAACTCTACCCCCTATTTGCGGAAGACTTGGGTGGATTTGGTCGAAAGTTACATTAAGGAAG CCACTTGGTACTATAATGGGTACAAACCCTCTATGCAGGAATACCTCAACAACGCCTGGATCTCTGTGGG CAGCATGGCTATTTTGAATCATTTGTTTTTTCGCTTTACTAATGAACGCATGCATAAGTACCGGGACATG AATCGTGTATCCTCTAATATTGTGCGGTTAGCCGACGATATGGGAACCTCTTTGGCCGAAGTTGAACGCG GTGACGTGCCCAAAGCTATCCAATGTTACATGAATGAAACGAACGCCTCTGAGGAGGAGGCCCGCGAATA TGTGCGGCGCGTTATCCAGGAAGAATGGGAAAAACTGAACACTGAACTGATGCGCGACGACGACGATGAC GATGATTTCACCTTAAGTAAATACTACTGCGAAGTCGTTGCTAACCTGACCCGGATGGCTCAGTTCATTT ACCAAGATGGTTCCGATGGGTTTGGGATGAAAGATTCCAAAGTAAATCGTTTACTGAAAGAAACGCTGAT TGAGCGCTATGAGtgaAGATCT SEQ ID 2. ACO56896.1 | beta-phellandrene synthase [Solanum lycopersicum] Underlined are the Ndel and BglII restriction sites for cloning at the  5′ and 3′-end, respectively. CATATGTGCTCCCATTCTACCACCTCGTCCATGAATGGTTTTGAAGATGCCCGGGATCGAATCC GTGAAAGTTTCGGAAAACTGGAATTGTCTCCCAGTAGCTATGATACCGCGTGGGTAGCCATGGT TCCAAGCCGTCATTCTCTGAATGAACCCTGCTTCCCACAGTGCCTGGATTGGATTATTGAAAAT CAGCGGGAAGATGGCTCTTGGGGTCTAAACCCCACCCATCCCCTTCTGCTTAAAGACTCCTTAT CCTCAACCTTAGCTTGTTTATTGGCACTCACAAAGTGGCGTGTCGGCGACGAACAAATTAAGCG GGGACTGGGGTTTATTGAAACCTACGGATGGGCCGTGGACAACAAGGATCAAATTTCCCCGCTA GGCTTTGAAGTCATTTTTAGTAGCATGATTAAGTCCGCAGAAAAGTTGGACTTGAATCTTCCCC TGAACTTGCACTTAGTCAATCTAGTCAAATGCAAACGGGATAGCACCATTAAACGGAATGTAGA ATATATGGGAGAAGGCGTAGGTGAATTGTGTGACTGGAAAGAGATGATTAAGCTGCACCAACGT CAAAATGGGAGTCTGTTTGACAGCCCTGCCACTACTGCCGCCGCCTTGATCTACCACCAGCACG ATCAAAAGTGTTATCAATACTTGAATAGTATCTTTCAACAACATAAAAACTGGGTGCCCACTAT GTACCCCACAAAAGTTCATAGTTTATTATGTTTAGTTGATACATTACAAAATCTGGGGGTGCAT CGTCATTTTAAAAGTGAAATTAAAAAAGCGTTGGACGAAATATACCGTTTATGGCAACAAAAAA ATGAACAGATTTTTAGCAATGTGACCCATTGCGCCATGGCTTTTCGACTTCTGAGAATGAGTTA TTACGATGTTAGTTCAGATGAGCTGGCTGAGTTTGTAGATGAAGAACATTTTTTTGCGACTAAC GGGAAATACAAATCCCACGTTGAAATTTTAGAACTCCATAAAGCGTCTCAATTGGCAATTGACC ATGAAAAAGACGATATTTTGGACAAAATAAACAACTGGACGCGCGCGTTTATGGAACAAAAACT CCTAAACAACGGCTTTATTGACCGCATGAGTAAAAAGGAAGTTGAATTGGCCTTACGCAAATTT TACACCACTAGTCACCTCGCAGAAAACCGTCGCTATATCAAAAGTTATGAAGAGAATAACTTCA AAATTTTAAAAGCGGCCTACCGGAGTCCCAACATTAATAATAAAGACTTACTTGCTTTCTCCAT CCATGATTTTGAATTATGCCAAGCCCAGCACCGGGAAGAATTACAGCAATTGAAGAGATGGTTT GAAGATTACCGGTTGGATCAATTAGGCTTAGCCGAACGTTATATTCACGCAAGTTATCTTTTTG GAGTTACCGTGATCCCGGAGCCCGAGTTATCCGATGCAAGATTGATGTACGCGAAATACGTCAT GCTTCTAACCATCGTTGATGATCACTTTGAATCCTTTGCGTCGAAAGATGAATGTTTCAACATC ATTGAATTAGTTGAGCGTTGGGACGATTACGCTTCCGTTGGCTACAAGTCCGAAAAGGTGAAAG TGTTTTTCAGTGTTTTTTACAAAAGTATTGAAGAACTAGCCACCATTGCTGAAATCAAACAAGG CCGGAGTGTAAAAAATCACCTGATTAATCTGTGGTTGGAATTGATGAAACTTATGCTTATGGAA CGCGTTGAATGGTGTAGCGGAAAAACGATTCCGAGTATTGAAGAATATCTGTACGTTACCTCTA TCACTTTTTGTGCTAAGTTGATCCCCCTATCTACCCAATACTTTCTCGGTATTAAAATAAGCAA AGACCTCTTGGAGAGTGATGAAATTTGTGGTCTCTGGAACTGCTCCGGGCGTGTGATGCGTATT TTGAACGATTTGCAGGATAGCAAACGTGAGCAAAAAGAAGTTAGTATTAATCTCGTAACTTTAC TAATGAAATCCATGAGCGAGGAAGAAGCTATCATGAAAATTAAAGAAATTTTGGAAATGAATCG CCGTGAGCTATTAAAGATGGTTCTTGTCCAGAAGAAAGGTTCCCAACTTCCCCAATTGTGCAAA GATATTTTTTGGCGCACAAGTAAGTGGGCCCATTTCACCTACTCGCAAACCGATGGGTATCGGA TAGCCGAAGAAATGAAGAATCACATTGACGAAGTGTTTTATAAACCGTTAAACCACTAGAGATCT SEQ ID 3. ACO56895.1 | neryl diphosphate synthase 1 [Solarium lycopersicum] Underlined are the BglII and Notl restriction sites for cloning at the  5′ and 3′-end, respectively. The ribosome binding site of cpcA for expression  in an operon configuration is shown in grey.

GAGGACAACGATAACGATCTGGATGAAGAATTGATGCCCAAACACATCGCTTTGATTATGGATGGGAATCGTC GCTGGGCCAAAGATAAGGGACTAGAAGTCTATGAGGGCCATAAGCATATTATTCCAAAATTAAAAGAAATCTG TGATATCTCATCTAAGTTAGGCATTCAGATTATTACCGCCTTTGCATTCAGTACTGAGAACTGGAAACGTTCC AAAGAAGAAGTCGACTTTTTGCTCCAGATGTTTGAAGAAATCTATGATGAGTTCAGCCGCTCTGGTGTTAGAG TCAGCATTATTGGTTGCAAAAGTGACTTACCCATGACCTTGCAAAAGTGTATTGCTTTAACGGAGGAGACCAC CAAAGGGAATAAGGGTTTACACCTAGTGATCGCCCTAAACTACGGGGGCTATTACGATATCCTGCAGGCCACC AAATCCATCGTAAACAAAGCCATGAATGGCCTCTTAGATGTGGAAGACATTAATAAAAACTTGTTTGACCAGG AATTAGAATCCAAATGTCCGAATCCGGACCTGTTGATTCGCACGGGCGGCGAACAGCGCGTCTCCAATTTTTT ACTGTGGCAACTAGCGTATACTGAATTTTATTTTACCAATACATTGTTTCCTGACTTCGGGGAAGAAGACTTG AAAGAAGCGATTATGAACTTCCAGCAGAGGCATCGACGTTTTGGAGGGCATACTTATTAGGCGGCCGC SEQ ID 4. AFU73854.1 | (-)-beta-phellandrene synthase [Pinus banksiana] Underlined are the Ndel and BglII restriction sites for cloning at the  5′ and 3′-end, respectively. CATATGGTCAGTAGCACAGCCAGTGTTTCAAATGATGATGGAGTGCGGAGACGCGTGGGCGATTATCGATACA ATCACTGGGATGAAGACCTGATCGATTCCTTGGCCACCTCATACGAAGCTCCTTCCTATTTGAAACGTGCGGA TACGCTCGTCGAAGCGATTAAAGATCGGTTTAATAGTATGGGTGTAGATGATGGGGAAAGAATGTCTCCATTA ACTGATCTCTATCAACGACTGTGGATGGTAGATAGTGTCGAACGTTTGGGTATAGATCGCCATTTCCAAAATG AGATTAAAAGCGCCTTGGACTATGTGTTTTCTTATTGGAAAGAGAAAGGCATCGGTCGTGGCCGCCAAAGCGC TGTTACCGATCTGAATTCCACCGCCCTGGGCTTACGTACTTTACGACTGCACGGGTACCCCGTGTCATCCGAT GTGTTGGAAAATTTTAAAGATCATAACGGTCAGTTTACGTGTAGCGGCATTCAAACAGAAGGTGAGATTAGAG GCGTGTTAAACTTGTTTCGTGCTAGTCTTATCGCCTTCCCCGGCGAAAAAGTCATGGAAGAAGCCGAAATTTT TTCCACTATGTATCTTAAACATGCCTTGCAAAAAATTGCGGTGTCCAGTCTGTCTCAGGAAATCGAATACTTA CTGGAGTATGGCTGGCATACCAACCCGCCTCGCCTGGAAGCGCGCATGTATATGGAAGTATTTCCCCAAGACA CCATCTACGAACAGAAATTAGTGGAACTGGCTAAAGTGGAGTTCAATATCTTTCATTCTCTACAGAAGCGTGA ACTGCAGTCTTTGACCCGATGGTGGAAACATTATGGGTTCCCCCAATTAAGTTTTACTAGACATATACATGTA GAGTATTACACATTTGGTAGCTGTATAGCCACTGATCCGAAACAATCGGCATTTCGGCTCTGTTTTGCCAAAA TGTCATATTTCGTAACCGTGCTAGATGATATCTACGACACGTATGGAACCATGGAGGAACTGGAATTGTTTAC TGCCGCCATTAAACGCTGGGACCCCTCCGTTGTCGATTGTTTACCGGAGTATATGAAAGGTGTATATATGGCC GTTTACGATACCGTAAACGAAATGGCGAAGGAGGCGGAAAAAGTACAAGGTCGTGATACGCTAAACTACGTGC GCCAGGCCTGGGAACTCTATATCGACGCTTATATGCCGGAAGCCAAATGGATTTCAAGTGGCTACCTGCCCAC TTTTCAAGAATACCTCGATAATTCGAAAATCTCTTTTGGCACTCGGATCACCATTCTTCAACCAATTTTAACG TTGGGTGAGCCCCTGCCGCACGAAATTCTACAGGAGATTGACTTTCCTGCCAAGTTTAATGATCTAATTTCCG TGATTCTACGGTTAAAGGGCGACACCAGGTGTTACAAAGCCGATCGAGCGCGAGGCGAGGAGGCATCGTCCGT CTCCTGCTATATGAAAGATAACGCGGGGATAACCGAAGAAGATGCCATTCACTGCATTAATGATATGGTTAAT AATCTGCTGAAAGAGTTGAACTGGGAACTGCTGAAACCCGACAGTAACGTGCCCATCAGTTGCCGGAAAGCGG CCTTCGATATTTGTAGGATTTTTCATCACGGATACAAATATCGGGATGGCTATGGCGACGCAACTATTGAAGT TAAAAATTTGGTCAAACGCACCGTATTAGAACCCGTTCCCCTGTAGAGATCT SEQ ID 5. ADZ45506.1 | (-)-beta-phellandrene synthase [Picea sitchensis] Underlined are the Ndel and BglII restriction sites for cloning at the  5′ and 3′-end, respectively. CATATGTCCAGCCCTGTGTCTGATGACGGAGTTCAAAGACGGACGGGTGGCTACCATTCCAACT TATGGAATGATGATATTATTCAATTTTTAAGTACGACTTATGGTGAACCTGCCTATCGAGAACG AGGCGAACGCTTGATTGATGAAGTTAAAAATATGTTTAATTCGATTTCTATGGAAGATGTTGAG TTTTCACCACTGAATGACTTGATCCAGCGTCTGTGGATCGTCGATTCCGTCGAACGTTTGGGGA TCGATCGCCATTTTAAAAACGAAATTAAGTCAACCCTCGACTATGTTTACTCCTACTGGACGCA GAAGGGCATAGGGTGTGGCATCGAAAGCGTAGTACCAGACTTAAACAGTACGGCACTGGGATTG CGCACGCTCCGTCTTCATGGATATCCTGTAAGCGCTGAAGTCCTTAAACACTTCCAAAATCAAA ATGGTCAGTTTGCCTGTAGCCCGTCAGAGACGGAAGGCGAAATGCGGTCCATTGTAAACTTATA TCGGGCTTCCTTAATTGCATTTCCCGGCGAAAAAGTGATGGAAGAAGCCGAAATTTTTTCCACG AAATACTTGAAGGAAGCACTGCAGAAAATTCCCGTAAGTAGCCTGAGCCGTGAAATCGGGGATG TATTGGAACAAGACTGGCATACTAACTTGCCACGATTAGAAGCTCGAAATTACATTGATGTCTT CGGTCAAGATACTAAAGATACGAAACTGTACATGAAAACCGAGAAACTTCTGGAATTAGCTAAA CTTGAATTCAACATTTTTCAGTCACTCCAAAAAACGGAACTGGACTCCTTGTTGCGCTGGTGGA AAGATAGTGGCTTTCATCATATCACCTTTTCCCGACATCTACATGTGGAATATTACACATTGGC CTCGTGTATCGCCATTGAGCCCCAGCACTCTAGATTTCGCCTTGGCTTTGCCAAAGCGTGTCAT GTGATAACCATCCTGGATGACATGTACGATGTTTTTGGCACCATCGATGAGTTAGAGCTTTTTA CCGCACAGATTAAGCGCTGGGACCCGTCAGCTACCGATTGTTTGCCCAAATATATGAAACGCAT GTATATGATCTTATACGATATGGTGAACGAAATGTCTCGTGAAGCCGAAACCGCCCAGGGAAGG GATACCCTTAATTACGCCAGACAAGCCTGGGAAGATTTTATCGATTCCTATATGCAGGAAGCAA AGTGGATCGCTACCGGGTACCTTCCCACGTTCGATGAGTACTTCGAGAACGGTAAGGTTTCCTC CGGCCATCGTGTTGCCGCGTTGCAGCCCATCCTTACAATGGATATCCCCTTTCCCCATGACATA TTGAAAGAAGTTGATTTTCCGTCCAAACTCAATGATCTAGCCTCTGCCATCTTGCGTCTACGCG GCGATACGAGGTGTTATAAAGCCGACCGTGCTCGTGGTGAAGAGGCCTCCTGCATTTCCTGTTA TATGAAAGACAACCCGGGCGCTACTGAGGAGGACGCTTTGAGCCATATTAACGCGGTGATATCC GATGTCATTAAAGGATTAAACTGGGAACTACTCAATCCCAATAGTTCCGTGCCGATTTCGTCAA AAAAGCACGTTTTTGACGTGTCGCGCGCTCTGCACTATGGATATAAGTATCGTGATGGGTATAG CGTGTCAAATATTGAAACAAAGTCATTGGTCATGAGAACTCTCCTAGAATCAGTACCATTTTAG AGATCT SEQ ID 6. AAF61453.1 | beta-phellandrene synthase [Abies grandis] Underlined are the Ndel and BglII restriction sites for cloning  at the 5′ and 3′-end, respectively. CATATGTCCTTGACCACAGCCGTGAGCGATGATGGGCTGCAGAGAAGAATTGGCGACTATCATT CCAATTTGTGGGATGACGATTTTATACAATCCCTTTCGACACCGTATGGAGAACCTAGTTACCG TGAACGCGCCGAAAAGCTGATTGGAGAAGTAAAAGAAATGTTTAATTCCATGCCCTCCGAGGAT GGTGAAAGTATGAGTCCTCTCAACGACTTGATTGAACGTTTGTGGATGGTGGATTCCGTCGAGC GCTTGGGAATTGACCGTCATTTTAAAAAAGAAATTAAGAGCGCTTTGGACTATGTGTACAGCTA TTGGAATGAGAAAGGCATTGGTTGCGGCCGAGATAGCGTTTTTCCAGATGTGAATAGTACTGCT AGCGGATTTCGGACTTTGCGGCTACATGGCTATTCCGTATCTAGCGAGGTGTTAAAGGTATTCC AAGATCAAAATGGTCAGTTCGCATTTTCCCCTAGTACCAAAGAGCGCGACATACGCACTGTCCT AAACCTCTACCGGGCCTCATTCATCGCCTTTCCAGGTGAGAAAGTAATGGAAGAGGCTGAAATT TTTAGTAGTCGCTATTTGAAAGAAGCTGTGCAAAAGATCCCCGTTAGTAGCCTCAGTCAAGAAA TTGACTATACTTTGGAATATGGGTGGCATACCAATATGCCTCGGTTGGAAACTCGCAATTACCT AGACGTGTTTGGCCACCCCACTTCACCGTGGTTAAAAAAGAAACGCACACAATATCTAGACAGT GAGAAACTCCTGGAATTAGCTAAGCTAGAATTCAATATCTTTCATTCATTACAACAAAAGGAGT TACAATATCTGTCCCGATGGTGGATTCACTCAGGCCTGCCGGAATTGACGTTTGGTCGACATCG GCATGTCGAATACTACACCCTCTCTAGCTGTATTGCCACCGAGCCCAAGCATAGTGCTTTTCGC CTCGGGTTCGCCAAGACTTGTCACCTAATTACCGTTTTGGATGATATCTACGATACGTTTGGAA CGATGGATGAGATCGAATTGTTTAATGAAGCAGTTCGGCGGTGGAATCCTTCTGAGAAAGAACG GCTCCCCGAATATATGAAGGAGATATATATGGCACTTTACGAAGCTCTGACCGACATGGCACGT GAGGCCGAAAAAACTCAGGGCCGTGACACTCTGAACTACGCGCGTAAAGCTTGGGAAGTTTACC TCGATTCATATACCCAGGAGGCGAAGTGGATCGCTTCCGGGTATTTGCCCACCTTCGAAGAGTA CCTTGAAAATGCCAAAGTTAGTTCCGGTCACCGGGCTGCGGCACTTACCCCGTTATTAACCCTC GACGTCCCCTTGCCGGATGATGTGCTGAAAGGCATTGACTTTCCCTCCCGTTTTAACGACTTAG CGTCTAGCTTCTTGCGGCTCCGGGGTGACACCCGCTGTTATAAAGCCGATCGCGATCGAGGAGA GGAAGCCAGTTCAATCTCTTGTTATATGAAGGATAATCCGGGCCTAACCGAAGAAGATGCGCTC AATCATATTAATGCGATGATTAACGACATAATTAAGGAATTAAACTGGGAATTGTTGAAACCAG ATTCCAACATTCCGATGACAGCTCGCAAACACGCGTATGAAATTACGCGCGCTTTTCATCAACT CTACAAATATCGCGATGGATTCAGCGTTGCCACTCAAGAAACCAAAAGCCTTGTTCGGCGTACC GTATTAGAACCAGTGCCCTTATAGAGATCT 

1. A method of obtaining a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons from cyanobacteria, the method comprising: culturing a cyanobacteria strain that has been genetically modified to express a heterologous β-phellandrene synthase under conditions in which the β-phellandrene synthase is expressed, wherein the heterologous β-phellandrene synthase is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a β-phellandrene synthase nucleic acid sequence that is codon-optimized for expression in cyanobacteria fused to the 3′ end of a leader nucleic acid sequence encoding a cyanobacteria protein that is expressed in cyanobacteria at a level of at least 1% of the total cellular protein; and isolating a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons comprising at least two monoterpenes selected from the group consisting of β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, and δ-2-carene produced in the cyanobacteria that has spontaneously diffused from the cyanobacteria intracellular space into the culture medium.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoterpene blend comprises at least three monoterpenes selected from the group consisting of β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene, and δ-2-carene.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase comprises: (i) an arginine-rich region comprising a sequence RR(×8)W, wherein (×8) is a sequence of eight amino acids in which each of the positions in the eight-amino acid sequence can be any amino acid; (ii) a C-terminal α-domain active site sequence DDxxD (SEQ ID NO:33), wherein each of the positions designated by “x” can be any amino acid; and (iii) a metal binding sequence (N/D)Dxx(S/T)xxxE (SEQ ID NO:34), wherein each of the positions designated by “x” can be any amino acid.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase comprises an arginine-rich region comprising RR(S/T/I/V)G(G/D)Y(P/H/R)(P/H/R)(P/S/Y)(A/N)(L/H)W (SEQ ID NO:27), a C-terminal α-domain active site sequence DD(I/M)YD (SEQ ID NO:35), and a metal binding sequence NDL(A/I)S(I)S(A/S/V)(I/F)LRL(R/K)GDTRCYKADR(A/D)RGE (SEQ ID NO:38).
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein (a) the arginine-rich region comprises the sequence RRSGGYPPALW (SEQ ID NO:29), RRTGGYHSNLW (SEQ ID NO:30), RRIGDYHSNLW (SEQ ID NO:31), or RRVGDYRYNHW (SEQ ID NO:32); and/or (b) the metal binding sequence comprises NRVSSNIVRLADDMGTSLAEVERGD (SEO ID NO:37), NDLASAILRLRGDTRCYKADRARGE (SEO ID NO:40), NDLASSFLRLRGDTRCYKADRDRGE (SEO ID NO:41), or NDLISVILRLKGDTRCYKADRARGE (SEO ID NO:42). 6.-7. (canceled)
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase comprises an arginine-rich region comprising KRGLGFIETYGW (SEQ ID NO:28), a C-terminal α-domain active site sequence DDHFE (SEQ ID NO:36) and a metal binding sequence WNCSGRVMRILNDLQDSKREQ (SEQ ID NO:48).
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the cyanobacteria protein is a β-subunit of phycocyanin (cpcB), an α-subunit of phycocyanin (cpcA), a phycoerythrin subunit (cpeA or cpeB), an allophycocyanin subunit (apcA or apcB), a large subunit of Rubisco (rbcL), a small subunit of Rubisco (rbcS), a D1/32 kD reaction center protein (psbA) of photosystem-II, a D2/34 kD reaction center protein (psbD) of photosystem-II, a CP47 (psbB) or CP43 (psbC) reaction center protein of photosystem-II, a psaA or psaB reaction center protein of photosystem-I, a psaC or psaD reaction center protein of photosystem-I, an rpl ribosomal RNA protein, or an rps ribosomal RNA protein.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the cyanobacteria protein is the β-subunit of phycocyanin (cpcB) or the α-subunit of phycocyanin (cpcA),
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase is lavender, tomato, grand fir, pine, or spruce β-phellandrene synthase.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase has at least 70% identity to a β-phellandrene synthase sequence set forth in FIG.
 9. 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase has at least 90% identity to a β-phellandrene synthase sequence set forth in FIG.
 9. 14. The method of claim 1, wherein the monoterpene hydrocarbon blend produced by the expression of the heterologous β-phellandrene synthase comprises β-phellandrene in an amount of at least 10% of the total monoterpene hydrocarbon blend.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the cyanobacteria strain is from a genus selected from the group consisting of Synechocystis, Synechococcus, Athrospira, Nostoc, and Anabaena.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase is a tomato β-phellandrene synthase and the method further comprises co-expressing the tomato β-phellandrene synthase with a neryl-diphosphate synthase (NPPS).
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the NPSS is from tomato.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons comprises β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, β-pinene and δ-carene.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase is from Pinus banksiana and the blend of monoterpenes comprises β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, and β-pinene.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase is from Picea sitchensis and the blend of monoterpenes comprises β-phellandrene, α-phellandrene, β-myrcene, and β-pinene.
 21. The method of claim 11, wherein the β-phellandrene synthase is from Abies grandis and the blend of monoterpenes comprises β-phellandrene, β-myrcene, and β-pinene.
 22. A method of obtaining a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons from a unicellular photosynthetic microorganism, the method comprising: culturing a strain of unicellular photosynthetic microorganism that has been genetically modified to express a heterologous β-phellandrene synthase under conditions in which the β-phellandrene synthase is expressed, wherein the heterologous β-phellandrene synthase is encoded by a polynucleotide comprising a β-phellandrene synthase nucleic acid sequence that is codon-optimized for expression in the unicellular photosynthetic microorganism; and isolating a blend of monoterpene hydrocarbons comprising at least two monoterpenes.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein the unicellular photosynthetic microorganism is a green algae, a diatom, or a red algae. 